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When exposing vertical bitewings what size film is used? What direction are they placed?
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Size 2. / Long portion vertical.
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When is the vertical angulation termed positive?
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PID is postioned above the occlusal plane and the central ray is directed downward.
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What is the significance of the identification dot in bitewing placement?
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No significance.
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When are vertical bitewings often used?
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Posttreatment or follow up films for patients with bone loss due to periodontal disease.
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How should the bitewing be positioned for a premolar bitewing exposure?
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Cover both maxillary and mandibular canines.
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If you have a patient with edentulous spaces and the spaces may cause a problem what modification technique could you use?
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Cotton roll must be placed in the area of the missing tooth.
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How does an unexposed film appear? What caused it?
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Clear. / Film was not exposed to x radiation due to the machine not being on or malfunction of the machine.
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How will the film appear if exposed to light?
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Black.
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How does an underexposed film appear? What was the cause?
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Light. / Film was underexposed due to inadequate exposure time, kvp, ma, or a combination of any of these.
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How do you ensure that the apical structures will appear on a periapical radiograph?
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No more than 1/8 inch of film edge extends beyond the incisal-occlusal surfaces of teeth.
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What is the cause of overlapped contacts?
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Incorrect horizontal angulation, central ray wasn't directed through the interproximal surfaces.
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How do foreshortened images appear? What is the cause?
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Short teeth, blunted roots. / Vertical angulation was excessive.
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How do elongated images appear? What is the cause?
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Long, distorted. / Vertical angulation was insufficient.
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How does a cone cut appear? What is the cause?
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Clear area appears on film. / PID was not properly aligned.
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How does a film bend appear? What is the cause?
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Stretched and distorted. / Film was bent excessively owing to curvature of palate or finger pressure.
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