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What is the angle of insertion for an IV
What type of radiation is the major source of occupation exposure ------ compton scatter Average osmolality of high osmolar contrast ------ 1000-2400 mOsm/kg water Injection flow rate for a biphasic study of the liver ------ 3mL / sec for 50mL, then 1.5mL / sec for 100mL. rapid initial flow followed by a slower rate Object contaminated by an infectious organism or microbe ------ Fomite Late effects of radiation such as genetic mutations may occur with even small doses of radiation ------ Stochastic--has no threshold dose, effects genetic mutations and cancer Normal platelet count ------ 150,000-400,000 /mm3 Abdominal Aorta bifucates at what level ------ L4 Quantitative CT is used to measure ------ mineral content of bone Density of a mass within a kidney is -75 HU ------ Mass is a lipoma -(benign mass of fat cells) fat HU -50 to -100 CT abdomen should be done during what breathing ------ full expiration Contrast volume for intrathecal injection during post-myelogram for L-Spine on adult ------ 12-14 mL, volume not to exceed 17 mL, 3g or less of dose of iodine What can be given to reduce peristalsis and distend colon for CT Abd/ Pelvis ------ Glucagon (1mg by IV) During CT Abd with, an hepatic hemangioma will become___ and will no loger appear on CT image ------ Isodense (Hemangiomas enhance from periphery inward until they become isodense) Common areas of calcifications within the brain ------ Chroid plexus and pineal gland During a CT of the Brain the gantry should be angled how ------ 15 degrees above orbitomeatal line Hi-Res Chest Protocol ------ 1 mm slices, bone algorithms Describe beam hardening ------ An increase in average photon engery of a heterogeneous xray beam Increased aperture size (slice thickness) increases ------ Signal-to-Noise Ration Calculate DFOV----320 matrix with pixel dimension of 0.75 x 0.75 mm ------ pixel x matrix size=DFOV 0.75mm x 320 = 240 mm or 24 cm Full width at half-maximum of CT scanner describes ------ spatial resolution Average photon energy of the primary beam of a CT scanner with tube potential of 120 kVp ------ 70 keV, average photon energy is 30-40% of applied kilovolts How to reduce streak artifacts from edge gradient effect ------ Increase filtration, and increase kVp Statistical Noise ------ aka. quantum mottle, graininess Causes of low-contrast resolution on scanner is extremely poor ------ Increased electronic noise and decreased patient dose Value of a pixel in HU is calulated by ------ comparison of linear attenuation coeffiecient of a voxel of tissue to that of water Contrast Resolution ------ Ability of scanner to differentiate objects with minimal differences in attenuation coefficients Dynamic Scanning Involves ------ Bolus of iodinated IV Contrast, rapid scanning with minimal interscan delays How does an acute subdural hematoma appear ------ Hyperdense Benign pulmonary nodules have a CT Number of ------ +164 HU What area does not enhance during a CT Brain ------ Posterior horn of the lateral ventricle (because it contains spinal fluid) Interpolation ------ Mathmatical technique used in reconstruction process of spiral CT CT produces diagnostic images with improved ------ low-contrast resolution Which is not commonly used as CT Scintillation detector material ------ Silver Halide Which is the following is the primary interaction between x-ray photons and tissues ------ Compton's Describe CT film ------ -single emulsion -used within the multiformat or laser camera Parental Injection of medicine into the body ------ Routes include intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, and subcutaneoius Common sites for IV ------ Antecubital, Basilc, Cephalic, and Accessory Cephalic Veins Osmolality ------ number of ions or particles formed when a substance dissociates in a given solution Vasovagal ------ systemic hypotension often leading to cerebral ischemia photoelectric effect ------ interaction between xray beam and matter has the largest amount of pt dose Effective and common sedative for children ------ choral hydrate Trade names of contrast -Hypaque -Conray -Isopaque ------ Generic Name -Diatrizoate -Iothalamate -Metrizoate Pt has hx of dizziness or headache, should be evaluated for abnormal inner ear ------ thin sections (5mm) through posterior fossa, 10mm to vertex spiral or helical ct exams acquire data ------ continuously as the pt travels through gantry, and in form of complete volumetirc data set Ct chest includes ------ top of apices through the liver glomerulus ------ portion of nephron that filters unwanted substances from blood plasma adult spinal cord ends at ------ L1-L2 Vas deferns ------ stores most of the mature sperm which sinuses are absent at birth and do not fully developing until after puberty ------ frontal sinus Condition of excessive nitrogenous material in blood ------ axotemia, uremia enema doses ------ 150-250 mL rectosigmoid 300-500 mL entire large bowel partial voluming average can be decreased by ------ decreasing slice thickness artifact that occurs when pt suspends respiration at different depths during consecutive scans ------ misregistration most common type of noise found in ct image ------ statistical noise ct window width controls __ on ct image ------ contrast and brightness relationship between ct number and actual linear attenuation coefficients of an object ------ linearity what is responsible for math calculations of the image reconstruction process ------ array processor what would decrease noise on ct image ------ decrease matrix size prepatient collimation controls slice thickness by reducing ------ size of beam ct number for blood ------ +42 -- +58 HU accuracy of calibration should be performed ------ daily math technique used exclusively for image reconstruction with spiral ct ------ interpolation A __ contrast material may be described as one that does not dissociate into charged particles in solution ------ Non-Ionic Advantages of automatic power injectors over the manual bolus of iv contrast administration include ------ -increased tissue enhancement due to faster injection time -uniform contrast administration over the enitre length of the scan The third ventricle of the brain communicates with the fourth ventricle through the____ ------ cerebral aqueduct Differentiation between the duodenum and the head of the pancreas is best done with __, and __ ------ -Oral contrast given 30-45 minutes before scanning -Patient placed in right lateral decubitis position during scanning. Glioma is a general term used to describe a group of primary tumors, consisting of malignant glial cells, gliomas occur in the __ ------ Brain What is the slice thickness and incrementation best suited for CT exam of the c-spine to rule out intervertebral disk herniation ------ 3 x3 mm Component of the CT scanner responsible for the mathematical calculations of the image reconstruction process is the___ ------ Array Processor Does decreasing matrix size, decrease the noise on a CT image ------ yes Increasing the pitch during a spiral CT exam adversely affects the spatial resolution along with which axis ------ z axis. Prepatient collimation directly controls ___ ------ slice thickness Quality control measurements to test the accuracy of the calibration of the CT scanner should be performed ------ daily M |
------ 15 degrees
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What are the stages of infection
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------ Incubation, Prodomal, Active, Convalescence
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What is urticaria
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------ Hives
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Mathematical technique used exclusively for image reconstruction with spiral CT scanners
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------ Interpolation
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What reduces scatter radiation reaching the detectors
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------ post patient collimation and predetector collimation
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Severe vagal reaction with bradycardia, may include treatment with
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------ Atropine
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What is the respiration rate for a child
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------ 20-30 breaths per minute
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