China, Japan, and Islam

o Yang Lien a high official wrote to Emperor Xizong and was trying to expose to the actions of the Eunuch Wei Zhongzion. o He was concerned with the abuse of power. He thought it was duty as an official to speak up. He is concerned about the corruption of the court. Zhongzion is able to order execution without talking to Xizong. o The Emperor was not very strong and he had been the one to promote Xizong. He closed his eyes to what Xizong did. He also relied on the eunuch’s for help with the court so he maybe didn’t want to say anything. o Yang is trying to tell the Emperor he should keep the eunuch’s under control.o Yang is adamant that Xizong should be punished for his actions. If this is not done there is risk in un-satisfaction with the subjects and threats of offending heaven. o Yang is a very brave official and he is ultimately sacrificed his life. o Emperor Xizong ignored the letter and in 1625 Yang on Wei’s orders was accused of treason, tortured, and executer. o Wei fell from power when the new emperor Chongzhen and hung himself rather than facing the officials inquiry.

o He sees an ideal society as everyone fulfilling their functions.
o The ideal that you aren’t living by yourself you have to think of others.
o They emphasize the respect of family and maintaining order. The top of the hierarchy are the scholars.
o Scholars set the examples for others to follow and also settle disrupts between others and are tolerant of others when they make mistakes.
o Merchants are seen as condescending and untrustworthy. They are also seen as having no morals.

o Zhu Jiefu had been a Confucian scholar until the death of his Father. o His shaoji took his Father’s money, she finally arranged a funeral and everything was done correctly.
o Instead of suffering Zhu put up his scholar hat and went into the family salt business. He did this to honor his family which is a virtue of a scholar. He studied greatly the laws of salt merchandizing and was respected by all other merchants.
o Zhu settled disputes for other merchants and was offered money but never took it. He stated, “Even if my acts have not been at the lofty level of a knight-errant, I did not do them for the sake of money” (Andrea/Overfield, p. 83).
o He also raised and educated the child of his concubine.
o In 1568 Zhu had been sentenced to be in army on account of an enemy laying a trap against him.
o He told his son not to let his example stop his from reaching his own goals.
o Zhu had all the great values of a scholar, but was also a great merchant.

Japanese Children
o Before the age of 6 children have a lot of freedom. After that they are taught basic/practical things. This is the beginning of the ability to see the difference between the upper and lower classes of society. o By age 7 children are not allowed to dine together. At the age of 8 they start to learn ancient studies and etiquette. They must mind their manners and pay attention to the hierarchy. They learn at a young age the proper way to eat, how to speak to their elders, and serve tea to them. Respect toward seniors, teachers, elder brothers/sisters, employees, and servants. Do not let the children behave as they please. o At the age of 10 children are taught by teachers learning and reading Confucius classics. They must be taught the meaning of the 5 constant virtues and understand the way of the 5 human relationships. When not engaged in readings teach them literacy and military arts.
o At the age of 15 they begin the study if Great Learning. They must learn to cultivate their personalities. These values are all directed toward the children who will be elite or samurai.
Women

O He was a lot better Emperor. He was a lot more intelligent and fair in his governing. He was actively involved in the court unlike Xizong.
o He stated his responsibilities and thought the most important was the responsibility of giving people life or killing them.
o He is conciseness of his power and he wants to make sure his orders are obeyed. He does this by giving examples of ones who do not obey.
o He thought the eunuchs were supposed to be passive and not have too much power. He would never let them get involved into the ordering. If you give them too much power they will become uppity but if you ignore them they will go behind your back. He had them work menial jobs. He ignores their frowns and smiles and makes sure they stay poor.
o He thought some of the problems of the Civil/Military Service Exam were cheating & corruption of examiners (playing favorites, giving favors to relatives, & memorization of text).
o He thought the best should be selected by their riding and archery. People then become more creative in their cheating. Some will say they are from different regions and the Emperor can tell their dialects and when they are lying. Another way to cheat is putting the text on your undergarments.
o The exams were of course very effective in the selection of officials. To help prevent favoritism people copied the exams so you could not tell who had taken the test.
o He talked about Missionary rites and said he wanted them to sign a contract stating that they would stay there for life. He wanted control over them more tightly. He said he wanted the Jesuits to start studying Chinese religion. o He is very interested in Western science but he embodied the Confucian ideals.

O Gentleman Wang owned a bank and was a merchant. He had great pride in helping others.
o During a drought he proposed the rich to distribute money and get food so people wouldn’t have to travel to a grainer and possible die during the journey.
o He helped people with disputes and gave people money to help them in times of need.
o Wang was seen more as a merchant with his values since he hadn’t studied for the scholar exam.
o Wang’s family had a large amount of sons which was a Confucian value. Both Zhu and Wang had great values from Confucian

Collection of Swords
o It was issued by Hideoyoshi because they were worried about uprising if the peasants had weapons. o This was the first attempt to take weapons away from everyone below the samurai. Everyone at that time had weapons and they didn’t think it was needed..
o The weapons collected were used in the construction of Buddha. Good karma will come from Buddha for the farmers. The farmers are then expected to devote themselves to the fields.
o They claim is it for the benefit of the farmers but really it’s to controlling the people from rebelling.
Military Laws
o The daimyo are restricted from gambling or drinking parties. Sexual indulgence or gambling lead to the downfall of the state.
o All marriages have to be approved because there is the possibility of alliance between a daimyo marriage and possible uprising.
o You can’t build castles. Daimyo should not be accompanied by a large number of soldiers.

o They want to control and prevent alliances/uprisings between daimyo. Good government depends on the right men.
Closed Country

Notice
o He doesn’t mind practicing your own beliefs but he doesn’t want you to push your views on others. o He doesn’t want others to believe in Christianity because they are seen as being untrustworthy. o He was concerned with security, the peasants rising up and going against him. o It’s not what they do it’s the ability to organize. o Ordained- Christians are accused of destroying the original religion.Journal Magistrates say we shouldn’t pay respect to the images of our ancestors. They disturb the city and this alarms the government.
o They should refrain from converting the people and they are prevented from having gatherings in their homes.

O He wanted to travel to the port to represent King Ferdinand to resolve the conflict over Hungary.
o He was hostile toward the Suniman. They didn’t have a very good opinion of Europeans at this time.
o The sultan selected his officers by selecting the lower classes the ones of ability (merit not birth). Not because of who they were like the way other countries do it. It was another way to break the control of the nobility (aristocracy). o The country was more powerful because it was combined of many nations. People didn’t invade because they would have to bring their own necessities because the country was bare.

Luck