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What is the Pauli Exclusion Rule?
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No two electrons in a single atom can occupy the same orbital, (have the same set of 4 quantum numbers). If they are in the same orbital they must have opposite spins.
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What is the Hunds Rule
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If orbitals have same energy, electrons will half-fill them first before pairing up because electrons repel each other.
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What is a paramagnetic substance?
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Weakly attracted to an external magnetic field, which comes from at least 1 unpaired electron.
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What is diamagnetic?
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A substance that is weakly repelled by an external magnetic force because all of the electrons are paired.
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Difference between ionization energy and electron affinity
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Ionization energy = energy required to take away one electron from an atom in the gas phase. (yields cation)Electron affinity = energy required to add one electron to an atom in the gas phase (yields anion).
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List the three exceptions to the octet rule.
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1) Electron deficient atoms, like B or Be compounds. BH32) Odd-electron molecules that cannot pair up all their electrons. Results in free radicals. NO is an example.3) Expanded valence shells. Atoms with more than 8 valence electrons only possible for the d orbitals or higher.
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What is electronegativity
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The ability for a bonded atom to attract an electron to itself.
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If delta electronegativity is between 0.5 and 1.7 the bond is said to be?
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Polar covalent.
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If delta electronegativity is greater than 2.0 the bond is said to be
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Pure ionic
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If delta electronegativity is less an 0.4 the bond is said to be
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Nonpolar covalent.
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What are sigma bonds?
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Bonds where the overlap happens along the bond axis. Head to head fashion.
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What are pi bonds?
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Electron density both above and below the bond axis. Need both overlapping regions. Pi bonds tend to be weaker than sigma bonds.
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How do you find the formal charge of a specific atom in a compound?
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(# of valence electrons) - (total # of lone pairs) - (total # of shared electron bonds).
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How do you find the molarity of something?
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Moles of solute divided by the Liters of the solution
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What is the formula for a dilution calculation
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C1V1 = C2V2 where C2 is the unknown new concentration
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