AP Biology Chapter 20

A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides.

A cloning vector that contains the requisite bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted.

The introduction of genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes.

An endonuclease that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium. Also cuts a specific nucleotide sequences.

A technique used to detect the location of a specific mRNA using nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe in an intact organism.

A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme.

A double-stranded DNA molecule made into vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase. Corresponds to the exons of a gene.

A method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amount of a large number of single stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide and tested for hybridization with samples of labeled cDNA.

A large plasmid that acts as a bacterial chromosome and can carry inserts of 100,000 to 300,000 base pairs.

A single base-pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population.

A DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme.

An individual's unique set of genetic markers, detected most often today by PCR or, previously, by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes.

A technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in a sample of mRNA. It involves gel electrophoresis of RNA molecules and their transfer to membrane, followed by nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe.

The manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products.

A DNA molecule made into vitro with segments from different sources.