Chapter 16: Religion & Science

Began in 1517 by Martin Luther a German Priest who chalenged the Roman Catholic Church for abuse, paying for ones correction is a Sin. He issued the 95 theses critiquing the church.

b. corrected the abuses and corruption that the Protestants had protested c. new emphasis on education and supervision of priests d. crackdown on dissidents e.new attention given to individual spirituality and piety
f. new religious orders (e.g., the Society of Jesus [Jesuits]) were committed to renewal and expansion 8. the Reformation encouraged skepticism toward authority and tradition a. fostered religious individualism b. in the following centuries, the Protestant habit of independent thinking led to skepticism about all revealed religion

Was an indigenous movement of complex dimensions which arose in the Peruvian Andes during the 16th century (c. 1564 - c. 1572) in opposition to the recent Spanish Invasion. The movement combines political, religious and cultural elements that make its classification under western criteria difficult.

Tried to persuade the Chinese by comparing confucisim to convert to Catholic.

Crackdown of Heretical version of Islam. An example Hinduism and Islam into Sikhism in northern India.

Wang Yangming (1472–1529): anyone can achieve a virtuous life by introspection, without Confucian education

(“research based on evidence”) was a new direction in Chinese elite culture i. emphasized need for analysis, instead of unsupported speculation ii. led to new works on agriculture, medicine, etc. iii. included critical analysis of ancient historical documents iv. scientific approach to knowledge (applied more to the past than to the natural world)

(1498–1547) is one of the best-loved bhakti poets

Growth of Sikhism, a religion that blended Islam and Hinduism

a. founder Guru Nanak (1469–1539) had been part of the bhakti movement; came to believe that Islam and Hinduism were one
b. Nanak and his successors set aside caste distinctions and proclaimed essential equality of men and women c. gradually developed as a new religion of the Punjab d. evolved into a militant community in response to hostility

a. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) b. promoted the view that the earth and the planets revolved around the sun 3. other scientists built on Copernicus’s insight a. some argued that there were other inhabited worlds b. Johannes Kepler demonstrated elliptical orbits of the planets c. Galileo Galilei developed an improved telescope

Sir Isaac Newton was the apogee of the Scientific Revolution a. formulated laws of motion and mechanics b. central concept: universal gravitation c. natural laws govern both the micro- and the macrocosm

18th century philosophers, looked to a non religious explantions, influenced by science, used ideas of reason.

In his Treatise on Toleration, Voltaire (1694–1778) attacked the narrow particularism of organized religion

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