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Cards In This Set
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Biotechnology
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The use of technology to control biological processes as a means of meeting societal needs
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Transgenic organism
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An organism whose genome has stably incorporated one or more genes from another species
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Restriction enzymes
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Enzymes that occur naturally in bacteria and are used in biotechnology to cut DNA into desired fragments (in nature, bacteria use them to cut up the DNA of invading viruses); enabled scientists to cut genomes at particular places
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Plasmids
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Small DNA-bearing units of bacteria that lie outside their single chromosome; can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome & can move into bacterial cells
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Transformation
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A cell's incorporation of genetic material from outside its boundary; some bacterial cells are naturally adept at transformation while others can be induced to perform it by means of chemical treatment
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Recombinant DNA
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Two or more segments of DNA that have been combined by humans into a sequence that does not exist in nature
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Cloning vectors
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Self-replicating agents that serve to transfer and replicate genetic material; the most common cloning vector (next to plasmids) is a type of virus that infects bacteria (a bacteriophage)
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Clone
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"to make an exact genetic copy of"
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Reproductive cloning
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Cloning intended to produce adult mammals of a defined genotype
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Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
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A means of cloning mammals through fusion of one somatic (non-sex) cell with an egg cell whose nucleus has been removed (an "enucleated" egg cell)
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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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A technique for quickly producing many copies of a specific segment of DNA; DNA, DNA nucleotides, DNA polymerase, & 2 DNA "primer" sequences (short sequences of single-stranded DNA that act as signals to DNA polymerase to start adding nucleotides)
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Human genomes are filled with short sequences of DNA that are repeated over and over from _ to __ times
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3; 50
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Short tandem repeat (STR)
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At a given location in the genome, one person will have one number of tandem repeats, while another person is likely to have a different number of repeats; the chances are small that 2 unrelated individuals will have an identical number of repeats at even one location in the genome
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Commitment
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A developmental process that results in cells with roles that are completely determined
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Stem cells
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Adult and embryonic cells that have a continuing capacity to produce more cells of their own type, along with at least one type of specialized daughter cell
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