Chapter 13: Supreme Court Casees

the right of citizens to hold, explore, exchange, express, and debate ideas.
e.g. The freedom of expression holds as long as it doesn't hurt others' rights.

to remove the cause of a complaint and make things right.
e.g. I made a petition against the government to redress my grievances.

the right to form and join groups, and to gather for any peaceful and lawful purpose.
e.g. I joined the labor groups to uphold my right of assembly.

within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, any action by government to fi nd evidence of criminal activity

occurs when authorities keep something, such as an object or a person, within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment

legal rule that allows a law enforcement offi cer to seize, without a warrant, evidence and contraband found in plain view during a lawful observation

legal rule that allows a law enforcement officer to stop a person based upon “reasonable suspicion” that a person may have been engaged in criminal activity; from the ruling in the Supreme Court case Terry v. Ohio (1968)

the standard that a search of a person’s body may be considered reasonable under the Fourth Amendment if the search serves some safety or security need for society

Searches of wireless communications

the group of the top military, foreign affairs, and intelligence offi cials in the president’s administration that focuses on U.S. national security

certain fundamental rights, such as the right to privacy, that are not expressly mentioned in the Constitution but that have been recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court

legal doctrine that states that when the commerce at issue requires national, uniform regulation, only Congress may regulate it