Chapter 13: Reformation and Religious Warfare

Valued the classics and emphasised early Christianity; reform program; beleived in simplicity

"The Praise of Folly," "Handbook of the christian Knight," "Adagio," he "laid the egg that Luther hatched." Most important figure of Christian Humanism.

"Utopia;" became Lord Chancellor under Henry VIII but was executed when he refused to follow the Church of England.

When high church officials take over more than one office

When priests lived in areas outside of their jurisdiction

Believed in justification by faith. Rejected Tetzel's indulgences in 95 Theses. Only valid source of Christian doctrine was the bible. Two sacrements. Translated Bible into German. Abolished monasteries and ended celibacy.

Luther's list of complaints regarding the sale of indulgences.

Issued jubilee year of indulgences to fund Saint Peter's Basilica.

"When the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." Hawked indulgences.

Debate b/t Luther and Johann Eck, in which Luther was forced to admit the rejection of papal authority as well as defend the wrongness of indulgences.

Holy Roman Emperor who ordered Luther to appear before Diet of Worms and recant (Luther refused).

Meeting called by Emperor Charles V in which Luther was asked to recant but refused and was declared an outlaw.

First emperial city to convert to Lutheranism

Wanted more radical reform than Luther - called for elimination of relics, Mass, and images.

Spain, overseas colonies, Austrian Lands, Bohemia, Hungary, Low Countries, Naples