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Define what social change is
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Social change refers to changes in the way society is organized, and in the beliefs and practices of the people who live in it.
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What are developed countries? What are developing countries?
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Developed = industrialized countries
developing = little or no industry, mostly farming, low incomes and lack of infrastructure usually |
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Name and describe the 3 major sources for cultural change
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Invention- new products, ideas, and social patterns that affect the way people live.
Discovery- finding something that was previously unknown to a culture Diffusion- the spreading of ideas, methods & tools from one culture to another. |
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Define enculturation
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Members of a culture learn & internalize shared ideas, values & beliefs.
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Name and describe the four interrelated parts of culture
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1. the physical environment influences a culture
2.the degree of technology available determines how receptive a culture will be to the need for change 3. social organization - kinship system? low is labour divided? flexible or tightly regulated? 4. all cultures have a system of symbols that identifies a person as a member of that culture. |
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What is cognitive consistency?
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Individuals desire cognitive consistency meaning we want to avoid attitudes that conflict with each other and we tend to live more satisfying lives when this is the case.
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Explain the cognitive dissonance theory and how can you reduce dissonance?
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When what you do conflicts with what you think (dissonance) so you desire to regain cognitive consistency, you will probably try to avoid facing the conflict.
2 ways to reduce- change your behavior to make it consistent with your attitude or reinforce your attitude. |
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Define the term reductionist
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Those who believe a single factor was at work
the cause can be reduced to a specific factor |
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Define the term determinist
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A specific factor will determine the nature of the social change that takes place
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What 4 aspect of social change do sociologists look at to predict social change?
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1. Direction of change - is it positive or negative and who says so?
2. Rate of change- is the degree of change slow, moderate or fast? 3. Sources - what factors are behind the influences of change in a society? they might be exogenous influences, coming from another society into this one, or endogenous influences, coming from within the society itself. |
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Explain the anthropological theory of interaction
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Most anthropologists believe that the most far-reaching changes come from contact with other cultures. sometimes they adapt what they regard as beneficial and sometimes they are forced to do so by another, more powerful culture.
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Name and describe the three ways in which adaptation can take place. Give an example for each way
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1. Diffusion - one culture borrows symbols from another.
2. Acculturation - results from prolonged contact between two cultures, during which they interchange symbols, beliefs & customs. Free borrowing is called incorporation and when one culture defeats or controls the other and forces change its called directed change. 3. Cultural evolution- cultures evolve according to common patterns. they move from hunter-gathering cultures to industrialized states in predictable stages. |
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Name and describe the steps of the behavior modification theory
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1. Precontemplation (denial, refusal)
2. Contemplation (Questioning) 3. Preparation (Investigation) 4. Action (Commitment) 5. Maintenance (Transition) 5. Termination (only about 20 percent reach this stage) |
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What is negative and positive reinforcement and which did psychologists conclude is more effective?
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Negative reinforcement - if you do something society disapproves, society will punish you or remove a priviledge so you wont do it again.
positive reinforcement - people are rewarded for good behavior. positive reinforcement is a more effective method of modifying behavior although neither approach is effective in all cases. |
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What are neuroses?
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Mental disorders in which sufferers experience high levels of anxiety or tension in managing their daily lives. (ex: obsessive compulsive disorder, phobias, panic attacks)
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