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Interphase
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The period between mitosis events (3 Stages)
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G1 Stage
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Cells grow in size and organelles increase in number also accumulates materials that will be used for DNA synthesis
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S Stage
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DNA Synthesis occurs (sister chromatids are formed) DNA REPLICATION
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G2 Stage
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Cell prepares for Mitiosis: During this stage the cell synthesizes proteins that will assist call division
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M (Mitotic) Stage
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Mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) During mitosis, daughter chromosomes are distributed by the mitotic spindle to two daughter nuclei.
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Control Of The Cell Cycle
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Certain types of cells continually divide, while others are arrested in the G1 and G2 Phase.
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Three Regulatory Checkpoints The Cells Must Move Through For Cell Division to Occur
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G1 Stage ------> S Stage
G2 Stage ------> M Stage
M Checkpoint
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1. Kinases
2. Cyclins
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1. Enzymes that remove phosphate from ATP and put it on another protein.
2. Proteins that activate kinases, which inturn activate enzymes.
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1. To Proceed Through G1 Stage ------> S stage
2. To Proceed Through G2 Stage -----> M Stage
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1. When S-cyclin combines with S kinase, the kinase can then phosphorylate a protein that allows the cell cycle to continue
2. When M-cyclin combines with M-kinase, the kinase can then phosphorlyate a protein that allows a cell cycle to continue
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1. Cancer
2. Apoptosis
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1. Uncontrolled Cell Division caused by the failure to regulate the cell cycle
2. Programmed Cell Death: Cells that fail to pass through the checkpoints undergo apoptosis.
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9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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All cells have chromosomes made of DNA
The Genetic Material of life is found as DNA
When a cell divides the cell components, including DNA must be duplicated.
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Cell Division
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-Allows unicellular organisms to reproduce
-Allows Multicellular organisms to develop, grow, and repair cells
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The Eukaryotic Chromosomes
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DNA in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells is associated with histones: histone proteins organize the chromosomes.
Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes.
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1. Diploid(2n)
2. Haploid(1n)
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1. number includes two of each type of chromosomes which are found in all non-sex cells of an organism.
2. number contains one of each kind of chromosome; found in the sperm and egg
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1. Karyokinesis
2. Cytokinesis
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1. Nuclear Division(Nucleus including the DNA)
2. Cytoplasm Division
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