Ch. 8 Memory

Maintenance Rehearsal: Simple repetition (repeating a phone number) Very short term.
Elaborative Rehearsal: Focuses on the meaning of information. (applying it to our life, relating it to concepts.) Higher chance of long-term.

Encoding: Entering Information The more effectively we encode material into long-term memory (elaborative over maintenance), the greater the likelihood of retrieving it

Structural encoding: makes you look at how the word looks
Phonological (phonemic) encoding: involves sounding out the word to yourself and then judging whether it matched the sound of another word
Semantic encoding: involves paying attention to what the word means

Allan Paivio: Western Prof
Dual coding theory:
information is stored in long-term memory in two forms: verbal codes nonverbal (typically visual) codes
dual coding theory: encoding information using both codes enhances memory because the odds improve that at least one of the codes will be available later to support recall

A schema is a mental framework – an organized pattern of thoughts about some aspect of the world
It can be altered by our perception and experiences.

Semantic memory: represents general factual knowledge about the world and language, including memory for words and concepts. Mt. Everest is worlds largest peak.
Episodic memory: The storing of factual knowledge concerning personal experiences, Who won the last UFC fight.

Cognitive and motor skills: drawing
classical conditioning: aversion of taste

Associations: (retrieval cues/acronyms)
Self generated associations: - Students recalled 61% with 1 - Students recalled 91% with 3
Non-self-generated associations: - Students recalled 11% with 1 - Students recalled 51% with 3

Flashbulb memories: recollection that seem so vivid so clear that we can picture them as if they were a snapshot of a moment in time
Strong emotional reactions associated with memory.
Not necessarily always true.

States that memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding.
Context-Dependant Memory
State-Depenedant Memory
Mood-Congruent Recall

Credited: Tulvig + Thomson

Context-dependant memory: remembering something in the same environment it was acquired
State-dependant memory: remembering something with the same internal state of which it was required. (bitch got raped while jogging and remembered her rape once she jogged again.)

Hermann Ebbinghaus

with time and disuse the physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away

Proactive interference: occurs when material learned in the past interferes with recall of newer material
Retroactive interference: occurs when newer material interferes with recall of material learned in the past
Retrieval cues cross

Retrograde amnesia: represents memory loss for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia Can't remember past experiences.
Anterograde amnesia: refers to memory loss for events that occur after the initial onset of amnesia 50 First Dates Can't remember new experiences.

Alzheimer’s disease produces both