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Thomas jefferson and his democrat followers assume the control of the national government in 1801. Favored agragarian peoples, independent farmers. Universal education that stressed the enlightenment"crusade against ignorance". Proposed a government with limited central power, power was concentrated in the states. Jefferson wanted to undermine already established economy of commerce.
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The religion in the states slowly began to adjust to the enlightened thinking, however, there were still those who opposed it. jefferson had to occasionally use his national power even more so than the federalists did.
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Educational opportunities for women: 50% of women were literate during the rev., most schools however only accepted men. "republican mother". 1789, massachusetts required that public schools allo females to attend. some other states followed suite. no females permitted to attend college or professional schools.
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Judith sargent murray- published an essay on womens rights on education. argued that men and women were equal in intellect and potential.
indian education: church beleifs and wants to redeem the ignorant people caused an increase of indian education. "noble savages" according to jefferson
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Professional education was even harder to come by. there were 9 colleges in the US at the revolution, 22 a few years after and continuing to increase. However, only the privialged could attend college since the university relied solely on tuitions. Theology colleges were the easiest and cheapest to obtain a higher education.
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University of Penn. founds the first medical school. the fear and superstition of dissecting cadavers made the field slow to prosper.
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New nationalism: the people of america, despite their slow attempts to enlightenment, beleived that their country would acheive things greater than of all europe and that the US was to be a great empire, the final stage of civilization. "the last and greatest theatre for the improvement of mankind"
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The government wanted to instill true american thoughts into the new students in america so Noah Webster wrote a dictionary with a complete list of words that were simplified to be known as the American way of spelling things. it was the most popular book in the us except for the bible.
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Religion: the american rev. weakened the churches by a separation of church and state. only 10% were part of a formal church. "decay in public piety" Deism- beleif of God existing but leaving the human race alone and with no involvement in their sins.
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religious skepticism creates a schism (unitarianism, universalism, and deism)
The Second Great Awakening: methodist church sends preachers throughout america to revitalize religion.
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Cane Ridge: summer of 1801, a group of evangelists led the nation's first "camp meeting"- a extrordinary revival that lasted several days and impressed all who saw it with its size and its fervor
"individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives and reject religious skepticism"
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2nd Grt.Awak.= acceptance of the active God, more sects of the Christian faith.
women: some women found that religion was a good foundation to build their lives on
slaves: embraced the religious fervor and many became pastors within the slave community
native americans: combined chritstianity with tribal religion to develope the vision of a personal god. Neolin, man who influenced this new religion on the indians and encouraged them to fight for their lands.
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Handsome Lake: indian revitalist
freethinkers: their influence greatly declined as a result of the 2nd G.A..
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Industrialism: Britain tries to prevent the emigration of skilled atrizans to American to protect their trade in england. despite these efforts they still made it to america.
eli Whitney: cotton gin, expanded slavery in south and southern economy. Northern econ. also expanded due to textile production relative to the cotton production.
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Transportation/commerce: trade in the US grew more rapidly than any other country and had the largest econ of any country. However, trade within the states was slow. the steamboat was heavily used to transport down rivers.
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Cities: despit the growing industrial life, less than 3% of the population lived in cities of more than 8,000.
those that did live in cities and were wealthy aspired to higher their affluence. They engaged in the purchasing of lavish home decor, fashion, and had a thirst for entertainment. the most popular being horse racing.
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Horse races: although the sport began from the second settlers came to america, it eventuallly fell into the hands of the wealthy and became known as a gentleman's sport.
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John Marshall:cheif justice during the Murbary vs Madison trial. established the judiciary branch to be equal to the executive and legislative.
Samuel Chase: impeached by the new antifederalist gov't for being a federalist.
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Napoleon: had hopes for restoring french power in the new world. gains control of the lousiana territory and under Spanish cover, forbids the exporting of american cargo down the missippi rv(violating the Pickney treaty)
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Robert Livingston, the American minister for Franch purchases the Louisiana territory from France. treated like the northwest territory with the grid and statehood requirements.
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Battle of Trafalgar: Britain demolishes Napoleon's navy , Napoleon responds with the Continental system.
Chesapeake-Leopard Incident:
captain barron of the american chesapeake refused to let the leopard search his ship, the leopard open fired on the chesapeake and barron had no choice but to surrender. the leopard took 4 men. America was outraged and demanded that the british cese impressemnt. the british rid of the captain of the leopard and returned 3 of the capitive but refused to cese impressment.
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Embargo: prohibited american ships from leaving any american ports for any forgein endeavors. Congress also passes the force act to enfore this new law.
= economic depression in the merchants
non intercourse act replaces the embargo act
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Conflicts with borders and Indians:(Britain supplies Natives with motivation and weaponry from Canada)
Battle of Tippecanoe- Harrison vs Tecumseh
Florida Borders- Indians were invading through Flordia, slaves escaping into Florida. Tensions grow higher. "War Hawks"- elected members by the southern states that were hungry for war with Britain.
Henry Clay- speaker of the house, 1811. wants to conquer canada
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War of 1812: American suffers early defeats on land, but early victories over the British Navy. Early success in great lakes region.
Battle of the Thames: death of Tecumseh, American Victory. significance: weakened teh native americans of the nw and diminished their ability to hold their claims on the region.
Battle of Horseshoe Bend- andrew jackson leads men in pursuit of indians along the florida border. Andrew jackson wins and is promoted to major general in the US army. Seizes spanish fort at Pensacola.
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Battles with the British(War of 1812): british troops entered washington on august 24, 1814 and burned down the white house.
Fort McHenry- sunk ships in the harbor to prevent british ships from coming too close to the fort. it was during this battle that Key wrote the poem The Star Spangled Banner which later becomes the USA's national anthem.
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Battle of Plattsburgh- secures northern border of the united states.
Battle of New Orleans- Andrew jackson leads an army of blacks, pitrates, creoles, and southerners behind earthen fortifications in ambush against the unprotected British advancing up the mississippi river. (little did they know that britain and the us had already signed a peace treaty).
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Hartford Convention: primarily federalist new england had always had thoughts of breaking away from the south. they met at the hartford Convention in dec 1814 to discuss their grievences. they proposed 7 amendments to the constitution to protect them from the growing influence of the south and west.
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The news of the end of the war however made the demands of the new england states less of a threat and as a result the amendements failed.
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