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What things is U.S. suburbanization associated with?
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High use of automobiles for commuting, white flight, taking the tax base out of innter cities and the loss of prime agricultural land
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As accessibility and utility decline in a concentric zone model of the city, land use generally changes from high volume ________ to ________.
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Retailing, residential
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The urban land use model is sometimes referred to as the trade-off model because people make a trade-off between accessibility and ________ space.
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Living
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A critical assumption behind the concentric zone model of a city is that it has an isotropic surface, meaning that the model city is flat, uniform and is _____, _______ and ________ free.
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Flat, uniform, barrier
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Though congregation can be voluntary, segregation is when congregation is combined with what?
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Discrimination central business district
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In the concentric zone model cities, the zone of transition typically begins at the dynamic outer edge of a city's ________ ________ district.
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Central business
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The classic case study of urban ecology and the example of concentric zones of dynamic neighborhoods of different ethnicity and social status was ________.
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Chicago
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The rippling processs of change throughout a city, whereby displaced social or ethnic groups displace othere in residential areas, is know as ________and ________.
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Invasion and succession
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Until the last quarter of the 20th century, the direction of invasion and succession was ________ from the center.
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Outward
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The invasion of older, centrally-located working-class neighborhoods by higher-income professionals in search of character and convenience is called ________.
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Gentrification
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When increased demand for urban services combines with a shrinking tax base (where businesses and affluent people move out to the suburbs and beyond), central cities around the country struggle with the ________ ________.
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Fiscal squeeze
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By making loans unattainable to people in certain neighborhoods, the practice of ________ compounds the difficulty in achieveing inner city improvements.
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Redlining
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Redlining is, most specifically, a form of ________ discrimination.
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Housing
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European cities are different from North American cities largely because European cities have long histories of _____________________________.
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Numerous periods of urban development
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The Beaux Arts style of architecture was used in the urban redevelopment and planning of ________ in the ________th century.
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Paris, 19th
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