Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems

A jelly-like substance within the plasma membrane

1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells 2. The cell is a basic organizational unit of life 3, All cells come from pre-existing cells

-filaments/tubules that provide a framework for a cell -network of protein fibres -helps to maintain structure

-located in the nucleus -makes ribosomes

-network of membrane-covered channels that transport materials (molecules) made in the cell -connected to the nucleus

-sorts and packages proteins and other molecules for transport out of the cell -puts proteins in a vesicle

-membrane-covered sacs that transport/store materials inside the cell -helps materials cross the cell membrane to enter or exit the cell

-membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes -made of large and small subunit

-contains water and other materials -used to store/transport small molecules plant cells - one large vacuole animal cells - several smaller vacuoles

-make proteins,which make up much of the cell's structure -some float in the cytoplasm -some are attached to the ER

-where energy is released from glucose to fuel cell activities glucose + oxygen ---> CO₂+H₂O+energy

-trap energy from the sun (to make glucose) -found only in plant cells

-controls all cell activities -contains DNA

-the process of testing individuals to determine whether or not they have the gene/genes associated with certain genetic disorders -can be observed by looking at chromosomes -controversial ex. amniocentesis tests for Down Syndrome in utero

-DNA recoils -chromosomes condense -nuclear membrane begins to disappear -spindle fibres begin to form