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Cards In This Set
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Because cell are 70-95% water the rest is what?
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Carbon cased compounds
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Carbon can form large complex and diverse molecules such as what?
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- proteins- DNA- carbohydrates
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Organic chemistry
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The study of compounds that contain carbon, called organic compounds (also contain hydrogen atoms)
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Different species of organisms and different individuals within species are distinguished by what?
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Variations in their organic molecules
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Atoms's electron configuration determines what?
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The kinds and numbers of bonds an atom will form with other atoms
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What is the formation of bonds with carbon?
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- carbon has 6 electrons, 2 in the first electron shell and 4 in the second shell- carbon has 4 valence electrons
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Valences of hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen?
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- hydrogen valence= 1- oxygen valence= 2- nitrogen valence= 3
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Structural formula for CO2
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O -- -- C-- -- Osingle carbon atom joined to two atoms of oxygen by a double covalent bond
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Carbon chains do what?
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- form the skeletons of most organic compounds- vary in length and shape- variation in carbon skeletons is important source of the molecular complexity and diversity that characterize living matter
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Hydrocarbons
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- organic molecules with only carbon and hydrogen- can release large amounts of energy- atoms of hydrogen are attached to the carbon skeleton wherever electrons are available for covalent bonding- major components of petroleum- hydrophobic due to the non polar carbon-to-hydrogen linkages
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Isomers
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Have the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
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Structural isomers
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 - differ in their covalent arrangement of their atoms- also differ in location of double bonds |
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Geometric/cis-trans isomers
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 - carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their special arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds- double bonds do not allow rotation of the atoms - if a double bond joins two carbon atoms, and each C also has two different atoms attached to it, then two distinct cis-trans isomers are possible. |
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Enantiomers
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- isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape die to the presence of an asymmetric carbon (one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms)- the four groups can be arranged in space around the asymmetric carbon in two different ways that are mirror images
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Enantiomers are important in what?
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- pharmaceuticals - enantiomers of a drug may have different effects
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