Carbohydrates, Bioenergetics, Glycolysis Flashcards

Need to flip all chiral centers (enantiomers)

Stereoisomers that differ in arrangement of groups around all chiral centers

Stereoisomers that differ only in arrangement of groups around the anomeric Carbon

Carbon that was either part of an aldo or keto group in a linear sugar that has cyclized

Cyclized sugars (hemiacetal = aldehyde and alcohol) (hemiketal = keto group and alcohol)

Alpha = OH group on the anomeric carbon is in the same configuration as the ring oxygen. Beta = OH and the ring O are in the opposite configuration

1) Put the anomeric C at the top of the chain 2) OH that's down on Haworth is put on the right side of the molecule 3) OH that's up on Haworth is put on the left side

6 membered ring carbohydrates

5 membered ring carbohydrates

Conversion between different anomeric forms in solution

Sugar and sugar derivatives that have free anomeric OH groups.. called this because they can reduce metal ions such as Cu+2 or Fe+3

Based on its ability to reduce Cu+2 to Cu(I)2O (a red precipitate) --> not very specific

Indicates no longer a free anomeric OH group

Reaction contains: urine or blood sample, glucose oxidase (very specific for beta-D-glucopyranose), a dye capable of reducing peroxide and changes color, peroxidase (enzyme that catalyzes peroxide reduction), and mutarotase (enzyme that catalyzes mutarotation)

Formed by the reaction of the anomeric OH group of sugar units with the alcohol groups of other molecules (often part of other monosaccharides that cannot mutarotate) *reaction not spontaneous under STD state conditions but can proceed in vivo