Biomedical Ethics Quiz 3

A written expression of a person’s wishes about medical care, especially care during a terminal or critical illness

The standard used by a proxy for medical decision making in cases in which it is impossible to know what the incompetent person’s beliefs and values are. Such judgments are based on what are taken to be objective beliefs about what is good for the patient

The moral principle that is sometimes cited as supporting the duty to respect the autonomous choices of a persons even after they have ceased to be competent

An advanced directive that specifies a person to serve as the surrogate decision maker in the even the writer is unable to speak for himself or herself

An advanced directive that record the patient’s substantive wishes about medical treatment, specifying treatments that are desired or refused and/or criteria for making judgments. Usually, but not always, they are designed to apply when the patient is terminally ill or in a permanent vegetative state. Ventilators, chemotherapy, medically supplied nutrition and hydration, and other means of aggressive life support are often mentioned.

The standard used by a proxy for medical decision making based on an incompetent person’s beliefs and values as they were expressed while the person was capable of expressing them.

In research involving randomized clinical trials, the state in which researchers honestly do not have reason to believe that one treatment is preferable to the others. Randomized clinical trials are normally believed to be ethical only if investigators are at the indifference point. (Sometimes also called clinical equipoise)

Therapy sometimes used by clinicians and lay people in cases in which standard therapy is believed to be ineffective. The purpose is to try whatever is plausible for the benefit of the patient, not the production of generalizable, scientific knowledge.

The principle that an action is morally right insofar as it treats people in similar situation equally. Different theories of justice provide different bases for allocation of resources justly. For example, egalitarian justice would distribute healthcare on the basis of need

The systematic pursuit of scientific knowledge for the purpose of advancing science. In medicine, research interventions using human subjects may turn out to benefit the subject, but that is not the purpose, and in ethically acceptable research using human subjects the benefit from the research interventions cannot be known in advance.

The principle that an action or rule is morally right insofar as it produces as much or more net good consequences as any alternative, taking into account the benefit and harms for all parties affected.

The asexual reproduction of an organism by taking the nucleus along with its chromosomal material from a cell of existing creature and implanting it into an enucleated egg cell or other cell of another creature.

Genetic engineering designed to improve on the normal genetic constitution of an individual

Genetic engineering designed to correct a genetically caused medical problem

Genetic Intervention that strive to overcome the effects of bad genes or to improve the genetic constitution of an individual by removing unacceptable genes or inserting more acceptable one