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Cards In This Set
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What is
the theory of Natural Selection?
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Observation #1) Heritable Variations exist within
populations.
Observation
#2 Manny more organisms
are born into a population that the environment can support, therefore
populations of 1 species remain fairly constant.
Inference
#1) Organisms with
favorable survival traits tend to leave more offspring.
Inference #2) Favorable variations within a species
accumulate over time.
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When was The
Origin of Species published?
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1859
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What is “Social
Darwinism”?
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Applied
survival of the fittest concepts, and ideology into view of how society should
function in regards to legislation/welfare. Communism, capitalism, Nazism all embraced this view
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How do biogeography, comparative anatomy, and the
fossil record provide evidence for evolution?
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Biogeography: The distribution of species around the
world, Immigrants
eventually give rise to new
species as they become better
adapted to their
environments.
Fossil Record: Sequence of how organisms evolved in
sedimentary rock
Comparitive Anatomy: similar characteristics between species
could be linked to them having a common descent.
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What is the difference between
gradualism and
punctuated equilibrium?
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Gradualism: slow incremental changes
Punctuated: Long periods of stasis
punctuated by short period of change
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What is meant by the term gene pool?
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Collection of genes in a population
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What is meant by micro- and macroevolution?
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Micro: change in the frequency of
genes over long periods of time in a population
Macro: larger scale changes in
morphology, that lead to higher taxonomic categories
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What is a mutation? Causes?
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New alleles that originate from a
change in the nucleotide sequence. (1953-2005)
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Most
mutations are harmful
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Mutations
need to occur in gametes
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What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
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The understanding that came from two
scientist, Hardy and Weinberg that populations won’t evolve unless other
factors are operating on them
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How is the HW equation calculated and
used?
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It is used to test if populations are
evolving
p2 + 2pq + q2 =
1
p2: freq of homozygous
dominants
2pq: freq of heterozygous
q2: freq of homozygous
recessive
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What factors are necessary to ensure
equilibrium?
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1) very large population
2) no gene flow
3) no mutations
4) no natural selection
5) random mating (no traits are
preferable to select)
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Who developed systematics?
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Ray: according to “kinds,” based on
reproductive compatibility
Linneus : binary naming system,
Ex.
Homo sapiens
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What are the hierarchial levels of classification?
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Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
family
Genus
Species
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What is polyploid speciation? Example?
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Change in chromosome number, species
that have more than two sets of chromosomes
Ex. Grey tree frog
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What is polyploid speciation? Example?
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Change in chromosome number, species
that have more than two sets of chromosomes
Ex. Grey tree frog
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