BIOL 131 Lab Exam 1- 10%

-used to see things that are not visable to the naked eye
-light- (contrast to electron) and compound (more than one lens)
- direct obersvation

Binocular compound microscope:arm, base, binocular head, revolving nose piese, stage, at the top two removable eyepiece lenses (oculars- maginify 10x) on the nose piece 4 objectibe lenses (magnify-4x,10x,40x,100x) 100x- oil immersion lens for use in oil rather than air , coarse and fine adjustment knobs (used for focus) Iris diaphragm (controls the diameter of the cone of light passing upward ) Condenser ( focuses the light cone on the subject, slide) Spring Clamp (holds slides in place) Slide controls (move left right up down) verniers?

The high power objective lenses are retractable (i.e. 40XR). This means that if they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in (spring loaded) thereby protecting the lens and the slide

Means that the object is in focus under a microscope

- carry in upright position
- never forcefully move anypart of microscope
- be careful moving adjustment knobs
- do not touch lens with anything but lens paper

- must be transparent to allow light to pass through freely
water- prepared with water, called a wet mount, use quick because it evaporates,
canada balsam- a resin used - can be preserved.

Power of objective x power of ocular
5x ocular x 10x objective= 50x magnification

1)round opening of the stage
2)opposite?

1) basic fundamental unit of life, can be viewed under a light microscope
2) form all the important functions of a cell, electron microscope is used to study this, some organelles like flagella is present on some and not all, but all have mitochondria

1)nucleas - hard to see in scope b/c similar to cytoplasm, but can use nucleoproteins which give it affinity for chemical stains, (gives the nucleas color)
2)cytoplasm
3)cell membrane

D- most biological stains are very toxic , those that are not toxic are preferred to as vital stains
- process of killing, fixing disrupts finer organization of the cell.
A- can distinguish

1) inside the nucleas , contain DNA which controls the structure and metabolic processes of the cell. can be visible as distinct rods or uncoild threadlikfe form.
2) bodys found in the nucleas is a non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleas of cells, ts function is to transcribe ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assemble it within the nucleolus.
3) gel like fluid with all stuff in it

1)may be gel-like or sol-like at different times and in differnt parts of the cell.
- organlles are located here
2) occur in all cells but not in prokaryotes
- carry out cellular respiration ( food molecules broken down and enery is extracted to form ATP)
- "cells energy currency"
3) system os sacs. functions to sort, process, package, and deliver proteins to destiantions within the cell and to the extracellular fluid.
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1)outer boundary , regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.
2)flagella - used for locomotion and cilia create a current for moving substances away from the cell or along its surface.

1)outer boundary , regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.
2)flagella - used for locomotion and cilia create a current for moving substances away from the cell or along its surface.