Bio: Ch.7 Respiration

Oxidation of organic molecules and a release of energy, some of this energy is stored in the chemical bonds of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Respiration removes electrons from glucose (oxidized), captures some of the energy in ATP, and ultimately passes the electrons to Oxygen to form H₂O.

Uses light energy to split H₂O and harvest high-energy electrons. These electrons are passed to CO₂ which is then reduced to energy-storing sugars.

'sugar splitting'...(yields 2 ATP) the oxidation of glucose to Pyruvic Acid via a set of chemical reactions outside the mitochondria in the cytosol. It occurs with or without oxygen (perhaps Prehistoric method). 2 ATP are required to begin chain reaction along with 2 NAD+, and 2 Phosphates,2 ADP, which yields 4 ATP, giving a net of 2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 H+.

Glucose....2ATP, 2NAD+, 2 P, 4 ADP = 2NADH, 2 H+, and 4 ATP.....Pyruvic Acid (final product of Glycolysis)

With 34 out of 36 molecules of ATP to be gained from it, pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis. From there, it is either transformed into Lactic Acid if oxygen is not present, or if oxygen is present it is transformed into Acetyl Coenzyme A. Entering the Krebbs Cycle is where most of the ATP will be harvested via the ETC.

After Glycolysis, Pyruvate is oxidized into Acetyl Coenzyme A, the starting point of the Krebs Cycle which will yield the high energy electrons necessary in the ETC.

Acetyl Coenzyme A (2 carbon) (+ oxaloacetic acid)--->
Citric Acid (6 carbon)
***NAD+ ---->NADH/CO₂****
a-Ketoglutaric Acid (5 carbon)
***NAD+ ---->NADH/CO₂***
a-Ketoglutaric Acid derivative (4 carbon)
***ADP -----> ATP***
Succinic Acid (4 carbon)
***FAD+ -----> FADH₂***
Malic Acid (4 carbon)
***NAD+ -----> NADH***
Oxaloacetic Acid (4 carbon) (+ Acetyl Coenzyme A)---->

1. NAD+ :goes to NADH after picking up an e- and H atom
2. FAD+ :goes to FADH₂after picking up 2 H atoms
3. Coenzyme A : binds to Pyruvate changing it to Acetyl Coenzyme A

Coenzyme Electron Carrier, an oxidizing agent that can carry 1 electron and 1 Hydrogen atom (NADH, neutral) to the Electron Transport Chain

Coenzyme Electron Carrier, an oxidizing agent in the Krebs Cycle that can carry 2 Hydrogen atoms (FADH₂, neutral) to the Electron Transport Chain

The loss of an electron(s) by a substance, (not always due to Oxygen!) . These electrons are traveling energetically downhill

The reduction of the Positive Charge of a substance due to the gaining of Negative Electrons.

The simultaneous reactions of Oxidation and Reduction.

A compound that serves to pull electrons from another compound, also known as ELECTRON CARRIERS

Oxydizing agents. NAD+, FAD+ are significant examples

The harvesting of energy when Oxygen is absent. Glycolysis takes place and instead of NADH being able to transfer electrons to ETC (which requires O₂), it dumps them and they bond with the Pyruvate to become Lactic Acid in animals, and Ethanol in Yeast (single-celled fungi).