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1. When individuals respond physiologically to an environmental change—
a. natural selection has occurred b. differences among individuals could lead to evolution by natural selection c. they cannot respond simultaneously through changes in behavior and morphology d. none of the above |
B—differences among individuals could lead to evolution by natural selection
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2. Geographic ranges of populations—
a. were static until human disturbance led to extinction and introductions b. are never affected by the distribution and abundance of predators c. do not respond to long-term climatic changes d. none of the above |
D—none of the above
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3. Source–sink metapopulations are distinct from other types of metapopulations because—
a. exchange of individuals only occurs in the former b. populations with negative growth rates are a part of the former c. populations never go extinct in the former d. all populations eventually go extinct in the former |
B—populations with negative growth rates are of source–sink metapopulations
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I would expect the potential for social interactions among individuals to be maximized when individuals—
a. are randomly distributed in their environment b. are uniformly distributed in their environment c. have a clumped distribution in their environment d. are nonrandomly distributed in their environment |
C—have a clumped distribution in their environment
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When ecologists talk about the cost of reproduction they mean—
a. the reduction in future reproductive output as a consequence of current reproduction b. the amount of calories it takes for all the activity used in successful reproduction c. the amount of calories contained in eggs or offspring d. none of the above |
A—the reduction in future reproductive output as a consequence of current reproduction
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A life history trade-off between clutch size and offspring size—
a. means that as clutch size increases, offspring size increases b. means that as clutch size increases, offspring size decreases c. means that as clutch size increases, adult size increases d. means that as clutch size increases, adult size decreases |
B—means that as clutch size increases, offspring size decreases
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The difference between exponential and logistic growth rates is—
a. exponential growth depends on birth and death rates and logistic does not b. in logistic growth, emigration and immigration are unimportant c. that both are affected by density, but logistic growth is slower d. that only logistic growth reflects density-dependent effects on births or deaths |
D—that only logistic growth reflects density-dependent effects on births or deaths
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8. Humans are an example of an organism with a type I survivorship curve. This means—
a. mortality rates are highest for younger individuals b. mortality rates are highest for older individuals c. mortality rates are constant over the life span of individuals d. the population growth rate is high |
B—mortality rates are highest for older individuals.
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According to the Population Reference Bureau (2002), the worldwide intrinsic rate of human population growth (r) is currently 1.3%. In the United States, r = 0.6%. How will the U.S. population change relative to the world population?
a. The world population will grow, while the population of the United States will decline. b. The world population will grow, while the population of the United States will remain the same. c. Both the world and the U.S. populations will grow, but the world population will grow more rapidly. d. The world population will decline, while the U.S. population will increase. |
C—Both the world and the U.S. populations will grow, but the world population will grow more rapidly.
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10. The logistic population growth model, dN/dt = rN[(K – N)/K], describes a population’s growth when an upper limit to growth is assumed. As N approaches (numerically) the value of K—
a. dN/d increases rapidly b. dN/d approaches 0 c. dN/d increases slowly d. the population becomes threatened by extinction |
B—dN/d approaches 0
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11. Which of the following is an example of a density-dependent effect on population growth?
a. An extremely cold winter b. A tornado c. An extremely hot summer in which cool burrow retreats are fewer than the number of individuals in the population d. A drought |
C—An extremely hot summer in which cool burrow retreats are fewer than the number of individuals in the population
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Studies that demonstrate that species living in an ecological community change independently of one another in space and time—
a. support the individualistic concept of ecological communities b. support the holistic concept of ecological communities c. suggest species interactions are the sole determinant of which species coexist in a community d. none of the above |
A—support the individualistic concept
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If two species have very similar realized niches and are forced to coexist and share a limiting resource indefinitely—
a. both species would be expected to coexist b. both species would be expected to go extinct c. the species that uses the limiting resource most efficiently should drive the other species extinct d. both species would be expected to become more similar to one another |
C—the species that uses the limiting resource most efficiently should drive the other species extinct
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According to the idea of coevolution between predator and prey, when a prey species evolves a novel defense against a predator
a. the predator is expected to always go extinct b. the prey population should increase irreversibly out of control of the predator c. the predator population should increase. d. evolution of a predator response should be favored |
D—evolution of a predator response
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In order for mimicry to be effective in protecting a species from predation, it must—
a. occur in a palatable species that looks like a distasteful species b. have cryptic coloration c. occur such that mimics look and act like models d. occur in only poisonous or dangerous species |
C—occur such that mimics look and act like models
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