Bio Exam 3

Electrons

Because the four negative charges in its 3 phosphate groups repel each other

ADP + P_i (inorganic phosphate) + energy

Exergonic

The addition of a phosphate molecule to R group of an amino acid residue can turn a hydrophobic portion of a protein into a polar and hydrophilic portion of the molecule. In this way, a phosphate group can introduce a conformational change in the protein.

The substrates or enzymes involved are phosphorylated, thus causing shape change

When a protein is phosphorylated, the exergonic phosphorylation reaction is paired with an endergonic reaction

A loss/partial loss of electrons (OIL)

A gain or partial gain of electrons (RIG)

-an efficient electron carrier because it readily donates electrons to other molecules--has "reducing power"-It is the reduced form of NAD⁺.

--in cells, glucose is oxidized through a long series of carefully controlled redox reactions. The resulting change in free energy is used to synthesize ATP. --any suite of reactions that produces ATP in an electron transport chain

1. Glycolysis2. Pyruvate processing3. Citric Acid cycle4. Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Entirely in the cytosol

It occurs when an enzyme catalyzes transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate substrate to ADP (How ATP is produced in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle)

In an electron transport chain, a proton gradient provides energy for ATP production; the membrane protein ATP synthase uses this energy to phosphorylate ADP-->ATP.