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Cards In This Set
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Outline the cell theories elements
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*All Living Organisms are composed of cells and are products of cells (e.g Hair and Scales)*Smallest units of LIFE!*Only come from pre-existing cells
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Discuss the Cell Theories Acceptance and the impact of advances in technology
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*Widely accepted*Advances in technology increase our knowledge of cells*The development of the EM (Electron Microscope) allowed us to study the ultra structure of cells
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State the Unicellular Organisms functions of life (Name at least 4)
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* Unicellular Organisms are fully functioning individual organisms hence carry out all functions of life:*Metabolism- Respiration and Excretion *Response- Sensitivity *Growth- Cell Size and Numbers *Reproduction- Sexual or Asexual *Homeostasis- Maintain conditions in body*Nutrition- Source of Food
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What are the SI (International System of Units) and their symbols for organelles.
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*Micrometre (μm) is one millionth of a metre (1/1000 of a millimetre, or 0.001mm).*Nanometer (nm) is one thousand millionth of a meter (1/1000000000 or 0.000000001).
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Compare relative sizes of molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells with their SI Units.
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Show the formula to calculate magnification using the scale bar.
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 Magnified Size (with ruler)= Real Size (Scale) x Magnificationor refer to the Triangle diagram to help you memorize! |
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Explain Importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size.
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*Cells are limited by their need to exchange materials with its environment*A cell needs a large surface area in order to carry out metabolic functions (as chemical reactions require a surface). As a cell grows, it needs to carry out more and more reactions. Therefore, since a cell has to maintain a certain surface area to volume ratio, its size is limited.*The rate of exchange of materials (nutrients/waste) and energy (heat) is a function of its surface area.Thus: As a cell grows in size (volume), the distance increases between the cytoplasm at the center of the cell and the cell membrane. The rate of chemical exchange with the surrounding environment may hence become too low to maintain the cell. It is not able to excrete waste quickly enough or take in important minerals.*Volume of a cell determines requirements while surface area determines supply.
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Explain that Multicellular Organisms show emergent properties
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*Emergent properties arise from the interaction of component parts: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
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Explain how cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but not others.
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*During the early development stages of multicellular organisms, cells undergo differentiation becoming specialized in structure and function. *These cells are then organized into tissues and organs. *Cells of multicellular eukaryotes express only a small fraction of their genes, allowing them to perform highly specialized functions. *Cells, such as those of muscle or nervous tissue, express only a tiny fraction of their genes.
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Outline ONE therapeutic use of stem cells
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*Bone marrow transplants. Explanation: They only work because what you are actually transplanting is the hematopoetic stem cells in the marrow. And peripheral blood stem cells, as well as cord blood stem cells, can be used in lieu of bone marrow, making being a donor FAR easier today than in decades past.
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Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of Escherichia Coli. as an example of a prokaryote.
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 Compare your diagram and labeling to the image. |
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Explain the functions of the named structures (from the Escherichia Coli. Diagram).
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*Cell Wall- Maintains the cell's shape and gives protection.*Plasma Membrane- egulates the flow of materials (nutrients, waste, oxygen, etc.) into and out of the cell.*Cytoplasm - Holds and suspends the cell's specialized organelles and enzymes.*Pili- The function of the pili is attachment to solid surfaces, apparatus for use in transfer of DNA from one cell to another, twitching motility, and cell-cell adhesion.*Flagella- Flagella are whip like tails that are used to propel the organism forward.*Ribsome- Protein synthesis.*Nucleoid- Nucleoid is the area in the cytoplasm where the strands of DNA are present.
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State That Prokaryotic Cells Divide by Binary Fission
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Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. The process of binary fission starts with DNA replication which is followed by the separation of the two circular strands of DNA to either side of the cell. The cell then divides into two with each new cell receiving half of the cytoplasm.
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Draw and Label a diagram of the ultrastructure of a liver cell as an example of an animal cell.
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 This should include free ribosomes, the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), lysosome, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, and nucleus. See attached Image to compare your drawing and labeling. |
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Explain the functions of the named structures (from the ultrastructure of a liver cell Diagram).
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*Ribosome- Main site of protein synthesis.*Rough ER (RER)- Packages the proteins synthesized in the ribosomes.*Lysosome- Digests macromolecules and contain digestive enzyme*Golgi Apparatus- Modifies, stores and routes products of the endoplasmic reticulum.*Mitochondrion- Serves as the site of cellular respiration.*Nucleus-Contains a cell's genetic material
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