BCOR 12 More

1) What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?

A) Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.
B) Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations gradually change.
C) Earth is millions of years old, and populations rapidly change.
D) Earth is millions of years old, and populations are unchanging.
E) Earth is millions of years old, and populations gradually change.

2) Which of these naturalists synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin?

A) Charles Lyell
B) Gregor Mendel
C) Alfred Wallace
D) John Henslow
E) Thomas Malthus

3) Charles Darwin was the first person to propose

A) that evolution occurs.
B) a mechanism for how evolution occurs.
C) that the Earth is older than a few thousand years.
D) a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence.
E) a way to use artificial selection as a means of domesticating plants and animals.

4) James Hutton viewed Hadrian’s Wall as:

A) demonstrating how separation of populations can promote speciation.
B) evidence that processes such as erosion are slow, and that the Earth must thus be very old.
C) a metaphor to describe how barriers exist to the development of new species.
D) a mythical border around Hell, that separates fire from purgatory.
E) a futile effort by the emperor Hadrian to separate the Roman Empire from other lands.

5) In Darwin's thinking, the more closely related two different organisms are, the

A) more similar their habitats are.
B) less similar their DNA sequences are.
C) more recently they shared a common ancestor.
D) less likely they are to have the same genes in common.
E) more similar they are in size.

6) During drought years on the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become rare, leaving mostly large, hard-cased seeds that only birds with large beaks can eat. If a drought persists for several years, what should one expect to result from natural selection?

A) Small birds gaining larger beaks by exercising their mouth parts.
B) Small birds mutating their beak genes with the result that later-generation offspring have larger beaks.
C) Small birds anticipating the long drought and eating more to gain weight and, consequently, growing larger beaks.
D) More small-beaked birds dying than larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in
subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks.
E) Larger birds eating less so smaller birds can survive.

7) Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from very similar embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities?

A) By identifying the bones as being homologous
B) By the principle of convergent evolution
C) By proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor
D) A and C only
E) A, B, and C

8) Which of the following pairs of structures is least likely to represent homology?

A) The wings of a bat and the arms of a human
B) The hemoglobin of a baboon and that of a gorilla
C) The mitochondria of a plant and those of an animal
D) The wings of a bird and those of an insect
E) The brain of a cat and that of a dog

9) The higher the proportion of loci that are "fixed" in a population, the lower is that population's

A) nucleotide variability.
B) genetic polyploidy.
C) average heterozygosity.
D) A, B, and C
E) A and C only

10) A population’s gene pool is described by its

A) number of genes and number of alleles for each gene
B) degree of heterozygosity and rate of drift
C) population size and number of genes
D) degree of heterozygosity and population size

11) Genetic Drift is caused by:

A) large populations under consistent selection for a trait.
B) populations becoming very small, then expanding.
C) movement of land masses due to plate tectonics.
D) movements of large numbers of individuals between multiple, separated populations.
E) all of the above (A-D).

In the year 2500, five male space colonists and five female space colonists (all unrelated to each other) settle on an uninhabited Earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy. The colonists and their offspring randomly mate for generations. All ten of the original colonists had free earlobes, and two were heterozygous for that trait. The allele for free earlobes is dominant to the allele for attached earlobes.

12) Which of these is closest to the allele frequency in the founding population?

A) 0.1 a, 0.9 A
B) 0.2 a, 0.8 A
C) 0.5 a, 0.5 A
D) 0.8 a, 0.2 A
E) 0.4 a, 0.6 A

In the year 2500, five male space colonists and five female space colonists (all unrelated to each other) settle on an uninhabited Earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy. The colonists and their offspring randomly mate for generations. All ten of the original colonists had free earlobes, and two were heterozygous for that trait. The allele for free earlobes is dominant to the allele for attached earlobes.

13) If one assumes that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium applies to the population of colonists on this planet, about how many people will have attached earlobes when the planet's population reaches 10,000?

A) 100
B) 400
C) 800
D) 1,000
E) 10,000

14) The historically high incidence of deafness on Martha’s Vineyard illustrates:

A) neutral evolution.
B) gene flow.
C) artificial selection.
D) founder effect.
E) genetic susceptibility to disease.

15) Sex is a very effective mechanism for facilitating evolution, for each of the following reasons, except:

A) mate selection may occur due to heritable, phenotypic differences between possible mating partners.
B) the process of mitosis insures that daughter cells are authentic copies of the parent cell
C) the process of crossing-over leads to gametes that possess chromosomes that contain novel combinations of alleles
D) the process of meiosis causes the independent assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes, so a gamete will have a mix of both