Art History Midterm

-Ziggurat-2100 BCE-Sumerian-Huge temple in each city because very pious -Series of terraces or platforms that create an artificial mountain-Like the home of a god-Built out of bricks-Ramps to slowly make transition into sacred realm ​-The gods tell what they want though the ruler

-Statues of Gudea-2100 BCE-Sumerian-17 statues-Floor plan of the temple they built for him on his lap-Realistic arm muscles-Head, feet, and hands too large-Hands clasped in prayer to pray for good crops-Large eyes, exaggerated eyelids to look in awe at the gods-statues were substitutes for Gudea, placed in temples-Show his importance, he was the intermediary between Gods and men-Cuneiform (system of writing)-

-Victory stele of Eannatum (Stele of the Vultures)-2600 BCE-Sumerian-Single blok of upright stone-Put up at certain intervals to make the border because territory and water was stolen-Because few people could read, stood as a warning to intimidate-Eannatum is the ruler, depiction of him and small images of the soldiers-Composite view-Army is behind him holding shields and spears walking over the bodies of their enemies-Enemy heads decapitated by vultures-Register

The artist represents each part of the body from the best viewpoint

-Stele with law code of Hammurabi-1700 BCE-Babylon-Round column stone-Depicts proper law, marriage law, buying/selling slaves etc-Laws applied equally according to your social status-Relief carving-Figure on the right is the God of the sun-Seated on a throne, feet don't touch the ground, composite view, flames coming out of shoulders, holding a staff-Hammurabi is in the presence of sun god, sun god is giving him something-Giving him measuring tools, giving him the authority to measure other people-Law is god given

Figures are freestanding but still attached to the background, looks more rounded, carving is deeper

Multiple levels like a comic strip

-Great Pyramids of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure-2500 BCE-Egyptian-Solid stone-Encased in a high quality white limestone to make the sides smooth but this is mostly gone today-Temples next to each pyramid to make offerings-Imitated people's houses so that they would last-Imitated mud brick form-Small entrance for the living-Chapel to bring offerings-Image of yourself to look like you in case something happens to the real body, so spirt can enter body

-First one built-3 chambers, as it was built higher, the body was probably ended up placed in the highest chamber-Robbed shortly after burial-Redirected weight above the chamber so it wouldn't collapse-System of ramps to build up, tore them down once completed-A lot of the work was done by free citizens as a form of tax

Kings presented themselves as a manifestation of the gods

-Egyptian development of writing-Writing goes along with figures

-Khafre enthroned-2500 BCE-Egyptian-23 of these for backup bodies-Found in the valley temple-Roughly life size-Seated on a throne-He was a king and a god-Hieroglyph on the throne of a lily and papyrus means he rules over two lands-Perfect symmetrical body-One hand flat, one if a fist-Headdress with cobra on top-False beard-Hawk protecting him on the back

-Menkaure and Khamerernebty -2500 BCE-Egyptian-Khamere... is his wife-Appear to be walking because of one foot forward-Pillar of stone they are still attached to-Menkaure is king which is shows by headdress, fake beard, kilt, hands in fists, perfect proportions-Wife wearing kilt, goddess, sister of menkaure because keeping divinity in the family-Her hair is a wig because ancient egyptians struggled with head lice-Arm around his as sign of affection but it is not anatomically possible-They wanted to enjoy the afterlife together so they are depicted together

-Ti watching a hippopotamus hunt-2500 BCE-Egyptian-Four feetShallow relief-Nile river with hippos, fish, papyrus blossoms, and reed boats-Ti in composite view, fist, staff, jewel collar, hierarchic scale-His servants look childish, lifelike, aren't in composite view-His tomb had depictions of food production because would sustain you in the afterlife

-Akhenaton-1300 BCE-Egyptian-Declared all the gods they were worshipping came from one single god, said he was the son of this god-Closed all traditional temples and opened ones for the true god-Cobra, kilt, fake beard-But in different style, elongated features, weak muscles, feminine hips, stomach hanging out, strange proportions