APUSH Ch. 1-4

-europe-africa-americas

-hunter/farmers (resulted in nomads or small villages)-diverse tribes w/ different resources-didn't develop advance weaponry b/c no need to~50 to 70 million population

Differences caused most of conflict b/w two groupsIndians:-religion = polytheistic, very spiritual-saw earth as sacred/filled with spirits -- no exploitation of land-did not believe in "owning" land-matrilineal-saw trade as building a bond between the two groupsEuropeans:-religion = monotheistic, strict, christian-saw earth as something to use and exploit-believed in owning land-patrilineal-saw trade as purely economical

-very diverse, w/ different kingdoms and complex levels of society-ecological conditions controlled cultural development (good soil = trade)-had a history of slavery, though it was less brutal than american slavery would become-similar to Indians in religion and matriarchy/woman's roles

~1000 CE, revival of trading on Mediterranean ports -- brought wealth to Italian cities --- freed cities of feudal power -- city-states grew, kings regained power, -- strong gov. could collect funds for trade/exploration

Economic revival + population growth (after Black Death) + Renaissance + strong leadership of monarchs = impulse to expand-goal = to circumvent Muslim traders by finding an eastward route to Asia-Portugal took the lead

Led portugal in leading Europe into exploring Atlantic-used new technology

Italian explorer employed by Spanish royalty (Isabella and Ferdinand) to reach Asia via Atlantic-1492, landed on Hispaniola-sparked Euro interest in Atlantic Ocean/New World-exploited Taino natives, took as slaves -found many new crops

Martin Luther: German monk who initiated Protestant reformation, proposed Bible was head authority in Church rather than the Pope, believed salvation came from inner faith not actions of faith-overall sparked King Henry VIII to separate from Pope into Church of England -- shocked many Englishmen-countries most effected by reformation were slow to colonize --- Spain/Portugal colonized first

John Calvin: French, father of Calvinism, believed in predestination (you are determined to go to heaven or hell at time of birth)

Horses + steel weapons + DISEASE + dissenters among Indians = conquering of many Indian tribes (Taino, Aztecs, Incas)-by 1550, Spain had conquered all major cities

Conquistador of the Aztecs, 1519 attacked Aztec empire, use of horses/firearms/smallpox helped defeat Aztec people

Conquistador, defeated Incas (1533), help of smallpox

Europeans were immune to many diseases due to more crowded living over time -- when they invaded americas, many natives died from diseases Euros brought -- helped Euros conquer natives

-wheat, rye, barley, oats-cherries, peaches, pears, lemons-cattle goats, horses, pigs, sheep -- livestock flourished too much and changed landscape of americas-disease: small pox, measles, diptheria