APUSH Ch. 10-12

- North and South grew much more distant economically

-North: industry/technology
-South: agriculture (cotton gin!)

-incomes double

-unstable economy (booms and busts, ups and downs)

- rise in immigration (Irish, Germans, Scandanavians)

-mass abuse of natural resources

- small industrial revolution (railroads expanded, canals and steamboats/canals were made)

- railroads ---> agricultural specialization

Railroads prompted farmers to focus on single crops because they could sell the excess of those crops to many others through train delivery

-railroads: mostly expanded in the North/Old Northwest and produced agricultural specialization

-canals/steamboats: grew in response to traveling materials; ex: Erie Canal (linked NY w/ Great Lakes/Old Northwest)

-Europeans invested in US (GB mostly) - saw potential

-banks became main capital makers ---> banking booms

-Government:
-provides tax breaks/loans
-becomes source of capital for expansion (completes Hamitlon's/Federalists' vision!)
-federal and local governments contributed

-established contracts as binding

-courts gave power to businesses

-resulted in free American enterprise/business system

- works for land, railroads, etc

-very risky job: profit during economic booms, loss during busts

-many new inventions/patents during the era: railroads, farming, business

(1840)
- started by Horace Mann
- focused in New England
- promoted public schools being a place to train future workers
-had educational standards
-improved teacher training/morals being taught
-established the 3 "R's" - reading, 'riting, 'rithmatic

Started the Common School Movement

- started with increase of textile factories

-Europe was ahead of the game for US

-Change from Cottage Industry/Farming Out System to the Factory System/Walthom Operation

-change in factory revolutionized the market/lifestyle of people

-other industries than textiles were food mills, metal works

-had heavy environmental impacts

-old system, before the "lite" revolution

- owner would contract workers to do parts of factory proccess

- each part of process was contracted out separately

- initally had separate buldings for each step ===> eventually all steps put under one roof

-EFFECTS:

-more goods/cheaper price
-child labor
- market revolution: new ways of selling/distributing goods ---> huge change
-books/education became more important
-greater emphasis on clocks/time

-#1 industry
-focused in New England
- operated under Walthom Operation: shift to one factory building for all parts of the proccess

- initially needed water to run ---> built near rivers

-eventually move to electricity

- depletion of forests
- coal used/mined
- air/water pollution
- becomes an increasing concern