AP Government Final Exam Vocabulary

In the Madisonian Model, the president should restrict himself to the denoted powers of his office as shown in the United States Constitution These powers include:

• - The Nomination of Supreme Court Judges
• - Signing of Legislation into Law
• - Negotiation of Treaties
• - Commander in Chief of US Troops

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the constitution in detail. Collectively, these papers are second only to the United States Constitution in characterizing the framers' intents.

The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population.

Also known as the Connecticut Compromise. The compromise reached at the Constitutional Convention that established two houses of congress: the House of Representatives, in which representation is based on a state's share of the United States Population, and the Senate, in which each state has two representatives.

A series of attacks of courthouses by a small band of farmers led by revolutionary war Captain Daniel Shays to block forclosure proceedinds.

An important part of the Madisonian Model that requires each of the three branches of government - executive, legislative, and judicial - to be relatively independent of the others so that one cannot control the others. Power is shared among these three institutions.

A right considered to be conferred by natural law

Supporters of the United States Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption. They argued that the Constitution was a class-based document, and that it would weaken the power of the states.

The father of liberalism. Regarded as one of the most influential enlightenment thinkers.

A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government. Most governments today, including those of Great Britain and Japan, are unitary governments.

In place from 1972-1987. Under this policy, Congress gave an annual amount of federal tax revenue to the states and their cities, counties and townships.

Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or "categories" of state and local spending. They come with strings attatched, such as nondiscrimination provisions.

Powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution. The Constitution states that Congress has the power to "make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution" the powers enumerated in Article I. Many federal policies are justified on the basis of implied powers.

Also known as enumerated powers. Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution; for Congress, these powers are listed in Article I, section 8, and include the power to coin money, regulate its value, and impose taxes.