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Cards In This Set
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Protestant Reformation/Catholic Reformation
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- Great split between Western Christendom, which dethroned the pope as the single religious authority in Europe. - Met years later with the Catholic Reformation as a response.
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Martin Luther
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- Central figure in the Reformation.- Questioned selling of indulgences, releasing buyer from purgatory (Church used to fill treasury).
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Problems Church was Facing on Eve of Reformation
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- Black Death: a ferocious outbreak of plague, struck the population of Europe.- Anticlericalism: a measure of disrespect toward clergy was growing- Pietism: notion of a direct relationship between individual and God, reducing church's importance. - Great Schism: three competing popes excommunicating each other.- Poorly educated lower clergy.- Simony: Selling of church offices.
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John Wycliffe
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- Questioned the worldly wealth of the Church, the miracle of transubstantiation, the teachings of penance, and indulgences. - Urged followers to read the Bible and to interpret it themselves.- Translated Bible into English.
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Jan Hus
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- Led revolt that combined religious and nationalistic elements.- Argued that it was the authority of the Bible not the institutional Church that ultimately mattered. - Argued that congregation should be given cup during mass as well as wafer.- Called before Council of Constance (Pope Martin V), condemned as heretic burnt at the stake.
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Albert of Hohenzollern and Johann Tetzel
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- Albert of Hohenzollern offered Archibishop of Mainzl had to raise funds and so borrowed money and paid off by selling indulgences; half of the money received went to Rome in efforts to build St. Peter's Basilica. - Tetzel: Sent to preach the indulgence in Germany.
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95 Theses
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- Luther horrified by Johann Tetzel and so tacked up 95 Theses on the Castle Church at Wittenberg.- Complaints dealt with German money going to Rome; control over purgatory; pope had no right to mislead indulgences. - Printing Press allowed Theses to quickly spread.
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Address to the Christian Nobility, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, & Liberty of a Christian Man
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- Address to the Christian Nobility: urged that secular government had the right to reform Church.- On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church: attacked other teachings of Church (sacraments).- Liberty of a Christian Man: Grace is sole gift of God; saved by faith alone; Bible sole source of faith.
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Pope Leo X's Response
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- At first, not interested in "squabble among monks."- After release of Luther's political tracts, issued a papal bull (official decree) that demanded Luther recant the ideas.
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Luther's Patrons & Diet of Worms
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- Fredrick the Elector of Saxony: sympathetic to Luther's ideas; wanted him to be given a public hearing rather than pope punishing him privately.- Diet of Worms: meeting of German nobility where Luther told Charles V he did not repudiate his books; banished from Holy Roman Empire, but hidden by Frederick.- Translated Bible into German at this time.
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Luther's New Church
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- Sacraments: Instead of 7, he reduced them to 2; baptism and communion. - Rejected transubstantiation, the miraculous transformation of the bread and wine into the flesh and blood of Christ. - Proposed a symbolic representation.- DId away with celibacy.
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Success of Reformation
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- Protestantism spread to Germany, Scandinavia, England, Scotland, the Netherlands, France, and Switzerland. - Socially conservative (not a threat to existing order).
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German Peasant's Revolt of 1525
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- Result of worsening economic conditions and their belief, outlined in Twelve Articles, that Luther's call for a "priesthood of all believers" was a message of social egalitarianism. - Luther was horrified by his ideas' distortion.
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Charles V & Peace of Augsburg
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- Originally caught in struggle with Francis I to see who would sit on the imperial throne. - Unable to control empire; fought Schmalkaldic Wars against Protestant Princes.- Forced to sign Peace of Augsburg: granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Lutheran ruled areas.
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Radical Reformation
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- Religious sects that developed that were inspired by Luther's challenge to establish a church.
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