Explain AP Biology Cellular Communication Terms Flashcards

The recieved signal is converted to a specific cellular response in a series of steps

Messenger molecules that travel only short distances and influence cells in the vicinity

Used for long distance signaling

A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule

comprise a large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses.

the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones.

cell membrane bound receptors. They act through synaptic signaling on electrically excitable cells. The ion channels opening and closing is controlled by neurotransmitters. Ion-channel-linked receptors are also called ligand-gated channels. These membrane-spanning proteins undergo a conformational change when a ligand binds to them so that a "tunnel" is opened through the membrane to allow the passage of a specific molecule. These ligands can be neurotransmitters or peptide hormones, and the molecules that pass through are often ions, such as sodium (Na+) or potassium(K+), which can alter the charge across the membrane. The ion channels, or pores, are opened only for a short time, after which the ligand dissociates from the receptor and the receptor is available once again for a new ligand to bind.

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein

Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins

These messengers differ in the mechanism by which they are produced and removed, as well as their downstream targets and effects

Binding of epinephrine to the plasma membrane of a liver cell elevates the cytosolic concentration of a compound

Converts ATP to CAMP in response to an extracellular signal

2nd messenger produced by cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid

Large relay proteins to which several other relay proteins are simotaneously attached

Cells that are infected or damaged undergo programmed cell death