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Cards In This Set
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Define sex determination
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The genetic process by which the sex of an individual is determined, hormone dependent, occurs in two sequential phases: genetic sex and gonadal sex
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Define sex differentiation
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Referred to the process by which phenotypic sex is determined, this occurs after genetic and gonadal sex is determined, hormone-independent
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What are the similarities between mitosis and meiosos?
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Both start with diploid cells, both have prophase anaphase metaphase and telophase, both result in new cells
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What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
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Mit. has one division and mei. has 2, mit. results in 2 diploid cells and mei. result in 4 haploid cells, mit. occurs with somatic and germ cells and mei. occurs with gamete cells, recombination occurs with meiosis but not mit., mei. has homologous chromosomes, mit. cells produced are identical
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Functions of epididymus:
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Transport of spermatozoa from vas efferentia to vas deferens, concentration of spermatozoa, maturation of spermatozoa, storage of spermatozoa, secretion of energy substrates and materials coating spermatozoa
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Why is the outward expression of estrus important?
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So that the males know when to mate because the time of ovulation and sementation have to occur in close proximity
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What is the primary difference between menstrual, estrous, and ovulatory cycles?
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The primary difference is that day 1 of menstrual cycles is the day of menstruation, day 1 of estrous cycles is the day of estrous, and day 1 of ovulatory cycles is the day of ovulation
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What are three differences between spontaneous and induced ovulators?
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Induced ovulators require neural input or a physical stimulation in order to ovulate, induced ovulators will only except males if there are mature follicles on the ovaries but spontaneous except all the time, spontaneous ovulators have a constant change of sex hormone levels occuring in the body
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What is the primary difference between corpora lutea formed following ovulation of an animal displaying a long estrous cycle versus an animal displaying a short estrous cycle. neither animal was mated.
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In an animal with a long estrous cycle the corpora lutea would not form, in an animal with a short estrous cycle the corpora lutea will form but it won't be functional
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Define F1 and C1 as they relate to the reproductive cycle of the chicken
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The F1 is the largest follicle on the chicken ovary, the C1 is the first egg laid by the chicken in a cycle
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Define "crepuscular peak". what is the significance of this peak?
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Crepuscular peak means occuring at dusk. it is signifcant because its the time when the LH surge is in the chicken which then causes ovulation
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Why does the LH surge occur at a later time each night in the chicken?
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So the chicken lays an egg later each night until it's too late to lay one and then there is a pause day
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If induced ovulators experience a sterile mating, they usually become pseudopregnant whereas a spontaneous ovulator experiencing a sterile mating does not usually become pseudopregnant (with the exception of animals with short estrous cycles). Explain the difference in these two outcomes.
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In induced ovulators a pseudopregnancy is required because there is no fetal signal so it has to maintain levels of hormones just in case it is pregnant. in spontaneous ovulators there is a fetal signal so once it gets past a certain point and there is no signal there is no need to maintain the hormone levels.
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What steroid induces the LH surge in mammals and in birds? what is the basis for the difference?
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In mammals it is FSH and in birds it is progesterone. the basis for this difference is that birds do not need use FSH because they are constantly developing follicles that are part of a hierarchy.
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Steps of fertilization
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Penetration of the cumulus cells, penetration of the zona pellucida around the oocyte, fusion of plasma membranes of oocyte and sperm, formation of male and female pronuclei
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