Animal Sensory System Flashcards

These Animal Sensory System Flashcards describe the necessities, the normal functioning of an animal body. It eventually explains the work of different organs of the species. By the term sensory system, it means the ability to touch, see, feel, taste. It also deals with the biological terms of the specific.

16 cards   |   Total Attempts: 188
  

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Cards In This Set

Front Back
Describe the honeybee mating system. Which bees secrete alarm pheromone, and what does it do? What is the purpose of queen mandibular pheromone
Drones: men, sit in hive and inseminate the queenQueen: only fertile femaleWorkers: females; maintain hive and watch bee offspring
alarm pheromone-release by drones when hive is under attack, workers respond (only ones with stingers)
queen mandibular pheromone-sterilizes workers
  1. How do the T-shirt sniff tests support the hypothesis that human pheromones can transmit important biological information?
T-shirt sniff test-females prefer scent of men with more symmetrical faces or more attractive-females prefer more genetically distinct men
  1. Describe how tastes are sensed.
Chemoreceptors are clustered in structures (taste buds)-located on tongue-Na+=salty-H+= sour
  1. Describe how smells are sensed.
Chemicals bind -allows animals to monitor airborne molecules that convey information-odor molecules reach the nose, diffuse into mucus layer and activate olfactory receptor neurons-project into olfactory bulb where signals are processed and interpreted
  1. Describe the process of sound sensation (Fig. 46.3).*
1. sound wave2. vibration of eardrum3. movement of auditory ossicles4. hit cochlea5 cochlea filled with fluid6. moves when ossicles hit7. depolarizes auditory neurons
  1. Describe the structure and function of the insect eye.
Compound eye-light-sensing columns (ommatidia)-each contributes information about one small piece of the visual field
-more ommatidia the better the resolution -good at detecting movement
  1. Describe the structure and function of the vertebrate eye. How is an image transduced into a visual nervous signal?
Answer 7
b. Iris-can contract or expand to control amount of light entering the eye
c. Cornea-Transparent sheet of connective tissue/helps focus lightd. Pupil -Hole in center of iris that lets light ine. Lens-Focuses incoming light onto the retina h. Sclera-"white of the eye"i. Retina-Thin layer of light sensitive cells and layers of neurons k. Optic Nerve -projects ganglion cell axons
Fovea (concentrated at the back)-small spot in the center of the retina where cones are concentrated-image falls on fovea of each eye
  1. Diagram how retinal in photopsin or rhodopsin is converted into an active form by light (see Fig. 46.10).*
-rods and cones have membranous disks containing thousands of opsin molecules
-each opsin molecule holds one retinal molecule
-retinal changes conformation when it absorbs light
-in response... opsin also changes shape
-retinal molecule inside rhodopsin changes shape when retinal absorbs light
  1. What is the difference between color and black-and-white visual sensation? Predict some species of animals that might have stronger color or black-and-white vision than others.
The molecular basis of vision is....-shape change in retina that shuts down an existing ion channel and causes a decrease in the amount of neurotransmitter being released to sensory neuron
- in rod cells...electrical activity across the membrane as well as neurotransmitter release are maximized in the dark
-animals that have stronger color vision have more cones ----
-animals that have strong black-and-white vision have more rods
  1. Give examples of animals that utilize ultraviolet or infrared radiation for sensation.
Infared: -longer wavelengths than humans can see-endotherms radiate large amounts of heat
pit vipers:pits contain receptor cells that detect infared radiation --see images of warm objects
Birds utilize ultraviolet to see flowers like a target
  1. How do vertebrate animals move? Your answer should include discussion of muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments.
Vertebrate Animal Movement-movements of paired muscles are coordinated by motor neurons that originate in the brain or spinal cord
-most skeletal muscles have ends that are attached to different bones by tendons
-tendons are bands of tough, fibrous connective tissue that attach muscle to bone
-ligaments attach bone to bone
-muscles can exert force only by contracting, so pairs must work together to move a bone back and forth
-one muscle pulls a limb in one direction and the other muscle pair pulls in the opposite direction
Describe the characteristics of the three different types of vertebrate muscle
Smooth-intestines/arteries -1 nucleus-unbranched-involuntary
Skeletal-attached to bones-moves skeleton-multiple nuclei-unbranched-striated-voluntary
Cardiac-heart-pump blood-1 to 2 nuclei -branched-involuntary
  1. Describe the mechanism by which skeletal muscle contracts and relaxes. Which ion is ultimately responsible for the contraction and relaxation?
Muscle Contract-sarcomeres in myofibril shorten as the cell contracts-lengthen when the cell is relaxed and an external force stretches the muscle
Thin filaments are composed to actinThick filaments are composed of myosin and are anchored to the middle of the sarcomere-both ends are free to interact with thin filaments
1. ATP bound to myosin head2. ATP hydrolized-head pivots and bind to new actin subunit 3. Pi released -head pivots moves filament (power stroke)4. ADP released-cycle is read to repeat

when calcium is not present actin and myosin do not interact (relax)
Calcium causes actin and myosin to interact--myosin binds to actin and pulls actin to center of acromere
-overlap between actin and myosin -Sarcomere shortened
  1. Create a mini-essay describing the process in which a motor neuron stimulates contraction of a skeletal muscle. You should begin your answer with an action potential traveling down the motor neuron and end your answer with relaxation of the muscle. Pay special attention to the role of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions in both the neuron and the muscle.
1. Action potential arrives and (ACh is released)
2. ACh binds to ACh receptors on the muscle cell triggering depolarization that leads to action potential
3. Action potentials propagate across muscle cell's plasma membrane into interior of cell via T tubules
4. Proteins in T tubules open Ca2+ channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum
5. Ca+ is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Sarcomeres contract when troponin and tropomyosin move in response to Ca2+ and expose actin binding sites in the thin filaments
  1. Distinguish between an endoskeleton, exoskeleton, and hydrostatic skeleton, and give an example of an animal that has each of these types of skeletons.*
Endoskeleton- hard structures inside the body -composed of cartilage and bone-humans
Exoskeleton-hard, hollow structure the envelops the body -grasshopperHydrostatic skeleton-use the pressure of enclosed body fluids to support the body-earth worm