Animal Form and Function 2 Flashcards

Trait that evolves by natural selection because that trait imparts increased survival or reproduction
--natural selection: individuals with certain heritable traits tend to produce more surviving offspring than do individuals without those traits (often leading to a change in genetic make up of the population)

Oryx-- with alleles that allow them to extract more water from feces survive better and produce more offspring
Galapagos Finch- structure of beak is fundamentally related to function

Specialization that is inherent in an adaptation prevents from exploiting broader resources

--induced production of small eggs--surgically removing yolks from eggs in early development
--"sham operations" caught large number of females and produced surgery to expose their eggs (left eggs alone)
-caught and large number of newly hatched offspring from experiment 1
--re-caught marked individuals a month later
LARGE OFFSPRING SURVIVE BEST FEMALES CAN PRODUCE MANY SMALL EGGS OR A FEW LARGE
QUALITY INCREASES AS EGG SIZE INCREASES

MOTHERS THAT PRODUCE INTERMEDIATE NUMBERS OF MIN-SIZE OFFSPRING HAVE HIGHER FITNESS

Acclimation: phenotypic change in an individual in response to short-term changes in the environment
adaptation refers only to a genetic change in a population in response to natural selection exerted by the environment
ABILITY TO ACCLIMATE IS CAN LEAD TO ADAPTION

Connective-cells that are loosely arranged in a liquid jelly like matrix-each type secretes a distinct type of extracellular matrix -loose: proteins serve as a packing material between organs, padding and under skin-bone:structural support -cartilage: firmer/provides structural support or protective enclosures for the brain-blood: cells surrounded by liquid extracellular matrix
Nervous-nerve cells and supporting cells-projects deliver electrochemical signals-support cells regulate ion concentrations or support neuronsMuscle1. skeletal: most muscle tissue/muscle fibers2. cardiac: make up walls of the heart3. Smooth: Tissue that lines wall of digestive tract and walls of blood vessels Epithelial-covers the outside of the body, lines surfaces oft he organs and forms glands -rapidly reproduces itself--- exposed to harsh environments

-rate at which molecules/ions diffuse (depends on amount of surface area available) -rate at which nutrients are used and waste products produced -as a cell gets larger, volume increases faster than SA (2/3 ratio)
SA:V LARGE ANMIAL is small---- lose heat slowly SA:V small animal is LARGE---- lose head quickly (no animal under 5g)

Elephant has a lower mass-specific metabolic rate than a mouse because...
-metabolic rate (overall rate of energy consumption by an individual)
small animals have HIGH BMRS( rate at which animal consumes oxygen while at rest, with an empty stomach, under normal temperature/moisture conditions)
As organisms size goes UP its mass-specific metabolic rate goes DOWN
-large animals don't have enough SA to keep up and have to live slow
AN ELEPHANT HAS MORE MASS THAN A MOUSE, BUT A GRAM OF ELEPHANT TISSUE CONSUMES LESS ENERGY THAN GRAM OF MOUSE TISSUE DOES.

FLATTENING/FOLDING/BRANCHING-- effective ways to increase SA:VGill-consists of sheet like structures (LAMELLAE)--flattened-sheets of epithelial cells provide organ with extremely high SA relative to its V-gases can diffuse across gills to keep up with growth in volume
Villi-extensive folding-folded common in diffusion depended organs
Capillaries-highly branched (increases surface area available for diffusion)-high SA to allow gases, nutrients and waste to diffuse in/out of blood

Newly hatched salmon-head put through a hole-onside gills-one side bodyas it developed, oxygen transfer was on the head side because gills where starting to form.-originally oxygen transfer through the skin (originally)--back of salmon

Body size is NOT the most important because diets of animals such as whales that eat krill
It IS important due to surface area due to amount of heat and waste produced and food and oxygen required for survival are proportional to mass
--heat exchange and other processes take place across surfaces

Maintenance of stable internal environment conformational: environment is stable, so animal's environment will maintainregulatory: animal maintains constant internal environment regardless of changes in the environment

Set Point: maintained by a complex negative feedbackfluctuation
Sensor: senses fluctuation in temperatureIntegrator: tells effector what to do how to handle problem Effector: does the action that gets back to set point

Endotherms: most head from internal sourcesbenefit: maintain body temperature higher than environmentcost: need more energyEctotherms: most heat from external sourcebenefit: need far less energycost: only active when warm outHomotherms: constant body temperatureHeterotherms: body temperature varies
Endotherms are most commonly homeotherms-produce their own heat metabolically-warm themselves because basal metabolic rates are HIGH-maintain a HIGH body temp due to elaborate insulating structures-- feathers/fur

1. conduction- direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other 2. convection- transfer of heat from a fluid moving over a structure3. radiation: transfer between two bodies that are not in direct physical contact4. evaporation: phase change that occurs when liquid water becomes a gas (results in losing heat--only cold)
always losing or gaining heat

Behavior mechanisms...-go where its warmer [burrow dens, basking in sun]
Anatomical mechanisms...-hair, blubber, feathers, counter current heat exchanger in extremities (arteries and veins are right next to each other-- warm blood goes down and cold blood comes upas blood goes down it gets colder and as it goes up it gets warmer
-transfer of warm blood that goes down

PLANTS-plants grown in different environments can differ greatly in size --in a set environment
ANIMALS-not that different-all species don't have large differences in different environments (exception are snakes-- grow to their environments)