Anatomy of Cells

The typical cell, vary in size, and are all microscopic. Vary in structure and function.

Plasma membrane - separates the cell from its surrounding envionment. Cytoplasm - a thick, gel like substance inside the cell made of organelles and in ctosol (Watery). Nucleus - large membranous structure near the center of the cell.

Plasma membrane - outer boundary of the cell Membranous organelles - sacs and canals made of the same material as the plasma membrane.

A double layer of phospholipid molecules.

A cell controls what moves through the membrane by membrane proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Some have carbs attached that form plycoproteins that act as identification markers. ' some are receptors that react to specific chemicals, and sometimes permitting a process called signal tranduction.

Internal substance of cells that includes many organelles suspended in watery intacellular fluid called cytosol.

Membranous, which are sacs or canals made of cell membranes. and Nonmembranous, which are made of microscopic filaments or other nonmembranous materials.

Endoplasmic reticulum means literally a small network located deep inside the cytoplasm. It consists of membranous, walled canals and flat, curving sacs arranged in parallele rows throught the cytoplasm extended from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. Proteins move though the canals

Smooth and Rough. Smooth- no ribsomes boder membranous wall, More Varied functions. Synthesizes certain lipids and carbs, and creates membranes for use throughout the cell. Also removes and stores calcium ions from the cells interior. Rough - ribosomes dot outer surface of the membranous walls, and they synthesize proteins which move toward the golgi apparatus and then eventually leave the cell. They funtion in protein Synthesis and intracellular transportation.

Many attach to the rough endo, and many lie free and scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Each ribosome is a nonmenbranous structure made of 2 pieces large and small subunits that are composed of rRNA and protein.

Membranous organelle consisiting of cisternae stacked on one another and located near the nucleous. Processes protin molecules from the ER, and processed proteins leave the final cistena in a vesicle, which then contents may then be secreted to the outside of the cell.

Made of microscopic membranous sacs that have "pinched off" from the golgi apparatus. They are the cells own digestive system. the enzymes in lysosomes digest the proetin structures of defective cell parts, including plama membrane proteins, and particles that have become trapped in the cell.

Non membraneous, hollow protein cylinders found throughout the cytoplasm. Break down abnormal or misfolded proteins and normal proteins no longer needed by the cell, They can can only break down proteins and do so one at a time by tagging each one with a chain of ubiquitin molecules ( tags old or mishaped proteins for them to get broken down) unfolding the protein as it enters the proteasome, and then breaking apart peptide bonds.

Small membranous sacs containing enzymes that detoxify harmful substances that enter the cells. Found in kidney and liver, and used for alcohol detoxification.

Composed of microscopic sacs. The wall composed of inner and outer membranes separated by fluis, thousands of patricles make up enzyme molecules attached to both membranes. They are the "power plants" of cells. Produce Energy. Mitochondrial enzymes catalyze series of oxidation reactions that provide most of a cell's energy supply. Each Mitochondion has a DNA molecule, which allows it to produe its own enzymes and replicate copies of itself.