AFOQT Science Review

1. Observation 2. hypothesis 3. experiment 4. theory 5. principle or law (when a theory is repeatedly confirmed over a long period of time by multiple experiments, it is called a principle or law)

the balanced internal situation of a cell and the organism as a whole; to stay alive and healthy, cells have to regulate their external and internal fluids based on temperature, acid/base balance, and the amount and type of a number of critical substances.

- all living cells come from preexisting living cells
- all cells make and use enzymes, which are substances that start or speed up chemical reactions without themselves being affected or changed.
-the hereditary or genetic information of all cells is carried by DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules that give cells the ability to reproduce or replicate.
- Metabolism refers to the bichemical activities necessary for life carried on by all cells, tissues, organs and systems
- a trait or characteristic that lengs itself to the survival of an individual or a species is called adaption.
- the basic unit of classification for living things is the species

A group of similar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring

Small rod-shaped bodies within a cell that control the characteristics that offspring recieve from their parents

The folorrow 8 functions: (nutrition, synthesis, circulation, regulation, respiration, excretion, growth and reproduction)

The way an organism gets food or nutrients from its environment and uses it as fuel for growth and continued life. Nutrition includes the process of infestion (taking in food), digestion (chemical changes that convert nutrients into a usable form) and assimilation (changing nutrients into protoplasm).

The process whereby small molecules are built into larger ones; this causes amino acids (protein building blocks) to be changes into enzymes, hormones (chemical messengers produces by the endocrine gland that regulate and coordinate the body's activities), and protoplasm.

The movement of fluid and the dissolved materials it carries throughout the cell or body

Includes all the processes that control and coordinate the activities of a living organism. Chemical activities inside cells are controlled by hormones, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals. The endocrine and nervous systems of higher (more complex) animals coordinate bodily activities. In plants, auxins and other growth-controlling substances are in charge.

Made up of breathing and cellular respiration. You know what breathing is; cellular respiration is a combination of processes that release energy from glucose (sugar).

The way that the organism gets rid of waste products. In humans, the kidneys, lungs and skin are involved in excretion, since they remove urea, carbon dioxide and water from the blood and body tissues.

The increase of cell size and/or the increase of cell numbers in an organism. Cell numbers increase when cells divide (replicate) during a sequence of events called mitosis.

The way that new individuals are produced by parent organisms. It can be either asexual or sexual. Asexual reproduction involves only one percent, which may either divide into two or else produce a new organism from part of the parent cell. Sexual reproduction requires the participation of two parents of opposite sexes; each parent produces special reproductive cells called gametes, which combine with each other to form the starting point from the new individual organism.

The cell is a basic structural, functional, growth and hereditary unit of all forms of lift. Its various sizes and shapes give form to the body of more complex organisms. It is also the basic functional unit, acting as a biochemical factory to perform and multiplies to form an organism of a specific size and shape. As the basic unit of heredity, it produces cells identical to itself that carry the codes for all reproductive information.