Adv.BioM15 Review

– Behind the parietal peritoneum

The production of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

- The rate at which blood flows through the kidneys (1 liter/min)

- Blood plasma without proteins, found in the nephrons of the kidneys

- The rate at which filtrate is produced in glomerular filtration (125 mL/minute)

- The maximum rate of reabsorption by active transport through the nephron tubules

- A mixture of an acid and a base which resists changes in pH

a. kidneys b. ureters c. urinary bladder d. urethra e. renal artery f. renal vein g. renal pelvis h. renal pyramid i. medulla j. cortex k. renal column l. renal capsule m. minor calyx

The urinary bladder contains stratified transitional epithelium, so that it can stretch.

The medulla has the higher concentration of solutes in its interstitial fluid. The medulla’s interstitial fluid is as much as four times more concentrated than normal interstitial fluid.

The seven functions of the urinary system are: 1. urine formation, 2. pH control, 3. blood pressure regulation, 4. stimulation of red blood cell formation by the red bone marrow, 5. vitamin D activation, 6. transport of urine, 7. and storage and release of urine.

When cleaning a desk drawer, you can dump everything out of the desk drawer and then start putting back the things you want to keep. Anything left in the pile at the end is waste. If you make a mistake and put something in the drawer, you can always take it out again and return it to the waste pile. This is like urine formation. The kidney receives all contents of the blood plasma (except proteins), and then it puts back the things that the blood needs. Anything else is waste. If something gets back into the blood, it can be put back into the urine before the process is finished.

a. renal corpuscle b. Bowman’s capsule c. glomerulus d. descending limb of the loop of Henle e. loop of Henle f. ascending limb of the loop of Henle g. proximal tubule h. distal tubule i. cortex j. medulla k. collecting duct

The proximal tubule and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are always permeable to water. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is never permeable to water. The distal tubule and collecting duct are permeable to water based on the amount of ADH present.

The four steps are filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and water reabsorption. Water reabsorption is often grouped together with reabsorption so that there are only 3 steps to urine formation.