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Cards In This Set
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What are the body's 3 routes of chemical signal transmission? explain each.
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1. endocrine - transport via blood --> response in distant target
2. paracrine - not transported via blood --> diffuses to neighbor cells
3. autocrine - acts upon cell that made it
*notes - 2 and 3 seen in eicosanoids!
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Give 2 examples of the same hormonal messenger acting with dual signaling mechanisms.
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1. norepinephrine - released from adrenal medulla as endocrine; NT release from post-gang action as paracrine
2. testosterone - endocrine when acts on hair follicles; paracrine when acts on seminiferous tubules of testis
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All steroid hormones stem from...
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Cholesterol --> most cholesterol is from endogenous synthesis in the liver
**other sources - adrenal cortices and LDLs
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Steroid hormone production is controlled by...
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Ant pituitary and CNS (indirectly) - via trophic hormones
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In reference to major endocrine systems and their targets --> virtually only what organ is CNS-independent?
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Pancreas
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Tropic hormones allow pituitary control of steroid hormone synthesis - what 3 other syntheses do they stimulate enzymes for?
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Enzymes of: cholesterol synth, cholesterol esterase, and LDL receptors
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What does luteinizing hormone stimulate?
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Testosterone synth in leydig cells, ovulation, and estrogen and progesterone synth in corpus luteum
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What does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate?
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Secretion of estrogen in females and androgens in males, and promotes spermatogenesis in testes
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What does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulate?
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Secretion of glucocorticoids
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What does testosterone do? (testes)
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Stimulates spermatogenesis, promotes development of male 2' sex characteristics, promotes anabolism (muscle build), and masculinization of fetus
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What do estrogens do? (ovary)
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Control menstrual cycle, promote development of female 2' sex characteristics
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What does progesterone do? (ovary)
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Secretory phase of uterus and mammary glands, implantation and maturation of fertilized ovum
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What does aldosterone do? (adrenal cortex)
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Stimulates renal reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+
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What does cortisol do? (adrenal cortex)
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Increases gluconeogenesis, anti-inflammatory, protein breakdown in muscle
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Since the steroid nucleus of cholesterol is indestructible, what are the only modifications that can be made to cholesterol to make steroids?
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1. create -OH groups
2. side group oxidation/reduction 3. estrogens - aromatize ring A |
